327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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venation.Inflorescence: The inflorescence ofEuphorbiaceae varies greatly, Terminalraceme – Croton, Ricinus,Catkin – Acalypha hispida Cyme -Jatropha, solitary axillary – Phyllanthusasperulatus, cyathium – Euphobiaspecies.Cyathium is the an unique and specialinflorescence of this family. Each cyathiumcontains centrally a single, naked terminalfemale flower, usually represented by atricarpellary gynoecium. The female floweris surrounded by a cup-like involucreformed by 4 or 5 connate sepaloid bracts.In the axil of each bract develops a group ofstamens in a scorpioid manner. Each stamenrepresents a naked male flower because it isa jointed structure, its upper portion is thefilament bearing the anther and its lowerportion represents the pedicel of the maleflower bearing stamen. A nectar secretinggland is present on the rim of the involucre.Glands are oval or crescent shaped andoften brightly coloured. Though cyathiumappears like a single flower, it actuallyan inflorescence.Flowers: Flowers are always unisexual,and are highly variable. Bracteate,ebracteolate, generally unisexual,homochlamydeous,rarelyheterochlamydeous, monoecious(Baliospermum) or dioecious (Bridelia),actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic,hypogynous, rearly perigynous (Bridelia).Perianth: Tepals 0 to 5 biseriate(male flowers of Croton bonplandianum)uniseriate or aphyllous (Euphorbia),valvate or imbricate when present,apophyllous or synphyllous.Androecium: The number of stamensvary from 1 to many. In Euphorbia asingle stalked stamen represents a singlemale flower. In Ricinus usually 5 stamensare present, but each stamen is profuselybranched. In Jatropha they are arranged intwo whorls each of 5 stamens. The stamensare indefinite (Crotons), the filamentsmay be free or connate. The anthers aredithecous, dehisce either by apical or bytransverse or longitudinal slits.Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, rarelybicarpellary (Bridelia, Mercurialis), tetraor pentacarpellary(Wielandia), syncarpous, ovarysuperior, rarely semi-inferior, ovules oneor two in each locule on axile placentation,rarely locule splits into two forming sixchambers (Phyllanthus). Styles 3, eachsplit into two feathery stigma. Nectariesare usually present, gynoecium is presentas a pistillode in staminate flowers.Fruit: Fruits are capsule or schizocarp.It breaks violently and dehisce into threeone seeded cocci called regma (Ricinus ),drupe in Emblica officinalis and berry orsamara.Seed: Seeds are endospermous. InRicinus knob-like caruncle develops fromthe micorpyle,that absorbs and temporarilyretains water enabling germination.Ricinus206
Botanical Description Of Ricinus communis (Castor)Female flowerMale flowerStigmaStyleOvaryPerianthHabitOvuleStigmaStyleOvuleOvaryFemale flowerCrowded andconnate stamenPerianthC.S.of OvaryStamenStipitate phalangesBranchedfilamentL.S.of female flowerAntherFilamentMale flower Polyadelphous stamens StamenFloral formula of male flowerBr.,Ebrl., , ,P (5),A ,G 0Floral formula of female flowerBr.,Ebrl., , ,P (3),A 0,G (3)Floral diagram of male flowerFloral diagram of female flowerFigure Figure 5.64 5.22: Ricinus communis207
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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Page 167 and 168: ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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Page 175 and 176: Regional FloraIt includes large geo
Page 177 and 178: Botanical garden contains special p
Page 179 and 180: International HerbariumS.No Herbari
Page 181 and 182: Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
Page 183 and 184: Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
Page 185 and 186: Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
Page 187 and 188: Monocots are classified into 11 ord
Page 189 and 190: 1. Easily visible characters like s
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Page 193 and 194: based on shared apomorphic characte
Page 195 and 196: Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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Page 199 and 200: Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
Page 201 and 202: 5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
Page 203 and 204: FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
Page 205 and 206: Economic importance of the family A
Page 207 and 208: 5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
Page 209 and 210: LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
Page 211 and 212: Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
Page 213: 5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
Page 217 and 218: Economic importance of the family E
Page 219 and 220: HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
Page 221 and 222: LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
Page 223 and 224: Economic Importance of The Family M
Page 225 and 226: in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Page 229 and 230: State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
Page 231 and 232: as karyotaxonomy. The application o
Page 233 and 234: Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
Page 235 and 236: microscopic organisms therefore it
Page 237 and 238: Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240: Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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Page 243 and 244: of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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Page 247 and 248: In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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Page 255 and 256: Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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