327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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Concept MapCell(The basic unit of life)Cell wall & Plasmamembrane ProtoplasmCytoplasm NucleusCell organellesCytoplasmic inclusionsDNARNAProteinsStorageSubstancecarbohydrates, fats& proteinsSecretorysubstancePigments &EnzymesExcretorysubstanceglycosides, tannins& gumsMitochondriagenerationof ATPChloroplastPhotosynthesisEndoplasmicReticulumtransportsubstancesynthesislipoprotein &glycogenGolgi bodiesPackaging &SecretionRibosomesProteinSynthesisCentrosomesgive rise spindlefiber in animalcellsVacuolesfacilitatetransportof ions &materialsin plant cellMicrobodiesPeroxisomesGlyoxysomes256
organisms are classified into prokaryote,eukaryote and mesokaryote.The eukaryotic cells originated byendosymbiosis of prokaryotic organism. Keydifference between plant cell and animal cellis the cell wall. Protoplasm is the colourlessmass includes the cytoplasm, cell organellesand nucleus. Cell wall is the outermostprotective covering with three regionsprimary, secondary wall and middle lamellae.Cell membrane holds the cytoplasmiccontent called cytosol. Cytoplasm includesthe matrix and the cell organelles excludingnucleus. Endomembrane system includesendoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,chloroplast, lysosomes, vacuoles, nuclearmembrane and plasma membrane. Nucleusis the control unit of the cell, it carrieshereditary information. Chromosomes aremade up of DNA and associated proteins.Bacterial flagella are made up of helicalpolymers of a protein called flagellin.Proton motive force are involved in flagellarrotation. In Eukaryotes flagella are made upmicrotubules and protein called dynein andnexin and the movement isdriven by ATP. Cytologicaltechniques includepreparation of slides,staining and recording theobservation.Evaluation1. The two subunits of ribosomes remainunited at critical ion level ofa. Magnesium b. Calciumc. Sodium d. Ferrous2. Sequences of which of the followingis used to know the phylogenya. mRNA b. rRNAc. tRNA d. Hn RNA3. Many cells function properly anddivide mitotically even though theydo not havea. Plasma membrane b. cytoskeletonc. mitochondria d. Plastids4. Keeping in view the fluid mosaicmodel for the structure of cellmembrane, which one of the followingstatements is correct with respect tothe movement of lipids and proteinsfrom one lipid monolayer to the othera. Neither lipid nor proteins can flip-flopb. Both lipid and proteins can flip flopc. While lipids can rarely flip-flopproteins cannotd. While proteins can flip-flop lipidscannot5. Match the columns and identify thecorrect option:Column-IColumn-II(a) Thylakoids (i) Disc-shaped sacsin Golgi apparatus(b) Cristae (ii) Condensedstructure of DNA(c) Cisternae (iii) Flat membranoussacs in stroma(d) Chromatin (iv) Infoldings inmitochondria(a) (b) (c) (d)(1) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)(2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)(4) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)6. Bring out the significance of phasecontrast microscopy7. State the protoplasm theory8. Distinguish between prokaryotes andeukaryotes9. Difference between plant and animal cell10. Draw the ultra structure of plant cell257
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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laid strong foundation for the bino
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Another concept emphasises the prod
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erecto folius compositis. It means
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Regional FloraIt includes large geo
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Botanical garden contains special p
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International HerbariumS.No Herbari
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Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
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Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
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Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
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Monocots are classified into 11 ord
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1. Easily visible characters like s
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the form of a tree called phylogene
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based on shared apomorphic characte
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Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
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are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
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Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
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5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
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FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
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Economic importance of the family A
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5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
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LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
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Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
Page 213 and 214: 5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
Page 215 and 216: Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
Page 217 and 218: Economic importance of the family E
Page 219 and 220: HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
Page 221 and 222: LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
Page 223 and 224: Economic Importance of The Family M
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Page 227 and 228: Economic importance of the family l
Page 229 and 230: State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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Page 233 and 234: Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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Page 237 and 238: Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240: Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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Page 243 and 244: of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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Page 247 and 248: In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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Page 253 and 254: time faster than DNA in the nucleus
Page 255 and 256: Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
Page 257 and 258: v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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Page 261 and 262: chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
Page 263: c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
Page 267 and 268: ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
Page 269 and 270: 7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
Page 271 and 272: Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
Page 273 and 274: Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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Page 277 and 278: organs. It results in the formation
Page 279 and 280: Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
Page 281 and 282: Summary273
Page 283 and 284: ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
Page 285 and 286: 222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
Page 287 and 288: 8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
Page 289 and 290: 8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
Page 291 and 292: 8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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Page 295 and 296: 8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
Page 297 and 298: 8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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Page 301 and 302: 8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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Page 305 and 306: LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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Page 309 and 310: Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
Page 311 and 312: Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
Page 313 and 314: ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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