327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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some spp). The apparent aerial erect,unbranched tall pseudostem is formed bythe long stiff and sheathy leaf bases whichare rolled around one another to form anaerial pseudostem. The central axis that isconcealed at the bottom of the pseudostemin called shaft, which elongates and piercesthrough the pseudostem at the time offlowering and produces inflorescenceterminally. monocorpic in Musa.(produces flowers and fruits once duringits life time). Stem is aerial and woody inRavenala madagascariensis.Leaf: Simple with long and strongpetiole the leaf blade is large and broadwith sheathy leaf base. The leaf isexstipulate. Oval, obtuse or oblong witha stout midrib, entire, numerous parallelveins extending up to the margin, rolledin bud . Phyllotaxy is spiral in Musaand distichous i.e. leaves are arrangedalternately in two opposite vertical rowsin Ravenala.Inflorescence: Terminal or axillarythyrse of one to many monochasialbranched spadix in Musa, Usually theflowers are protected by large brightlycoloured, spirally arranged, boat shapedbract called spathe. Compound cyme inRavenala.Flowers: Bracteate, ebracteolate,sessile, trimerours, unisexual, or bisexualor polygamous, when unisexual theflowers are monoecious. Flowers arezygyomorphic and epigynous. (In Musaflowers are polygamous i.e. staminateflowers, pistilate flowers and bisexualflowers are present in the same plant).Perianth: Tepals 6, biseriate,arranged in two whorls of 3 each andhomochlamydeous, 3 +3 syntepalous. Inmost of the species of Musa, the threeouter tepals and two lateral tepals of theinner whorl are fused to form 5 toothedtube like structure called abaxial lip. Theposterior inner median tepal alone is free,which is distinctly broad and membranouscalled labellum.Androecium: Stamens 5 or 6,arranged in two whorls of 3 each oppositeand adnate to the tepals. In Musa only 5stamens are fertile and the inner posteriorstamen is either absent or represented by astaminode. In Ravenala all the six stamensare fertile. Filaments free, anthers linear,dithecous dehisce by longitudinal slits,and with sticky pollen.Gynoecium: Tricarpallary, syncarpous,the median carpel is anterior in position,trilocular ovary inferior, ovules many,placentation axile, style filiform, stigmathree lobed septal nectaries are present.Fruit: Elongated berry containingnumerous seeds, fruits forming compactbunches, seeds with copious and smallembryo in Musa. Capsule in Ravenala.Seed: Starch rich endosperm andstarchless perisperm. Species of Ensete aredistinguished from those of Musa by theirlarger seeds.Botanical Description of Musaparadisiaca.Habit: Monocarpic gigantic herb.Root: Fibrous adventitious rootsystem.Stem: The real stem is undergroundcalled rhizomatous. The apparent, aerialerect unbranched pseudo stem is formedby the long, stiff and sheathy leaf baseswhich are rolled around one another toform an aerial pseudostem. The central212
LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadixInflorescenceSpathe with flowersPseudostemOuter tepalInner tepalStigmaAntherAbaxial lipLabellumHabitBisexual flowerOvaryFused tepalsLabellumAntherStigmaFilamentStyleStamensC.S of ovaryLoculeOvaryOvuleAnterior mediancarpelGynoeciumFloral diagramFloral formula : Bisexual flowerBr.,Ebrl.,%, , P (3+2)+1,A 3+3,G (3)Figure 5.68 5.24: Musa paradisiaca213
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
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3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
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6. Draw and label the parts of regi
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Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
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4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
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f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
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Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
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4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
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Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
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Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
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Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
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4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
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c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
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4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
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CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
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4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
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Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
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Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
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is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
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FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
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4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
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ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
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Page 175 and 176: Regional FloraIt includes large geo
Page 177 and 178: Botanical garden contains special p
Page 179 and 180: International HerbariumS.No Herbari
Page 181 and 182: Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
Page 183 and 184: Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
Page 185 and 186: Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
Page 187 and 188: Monocots are classified into 11 ord
Page 189 and 190: 1. Easily visible characters like s
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Page 193 and 194: based on shared apomorphic characte
Page 195 and 196: Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
Page 197 and 198: are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
Page 199 and 200: Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
Page 201 and 202: 5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
Page 203 and 204: FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
Page 205 and 206: Economic importance of the family A
Page 207 and 208: 5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
Page 209 and 210: LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
Page 211 and 212: Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
Page 213 and 214: 5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
Page 215 and 216: Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
Page 217 and 218: Economic importance of the family E
Page 219: HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
Page 223 and 224: Economic Importance of The Family M
Page 225 and 226: in species of Smilax it is reticula
Page 227 and 228: Economic importance of the family l
Page 229 and 230: State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
Page 231 and 232: as karyotaxonomy. The application o
Page 233 and 234: Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
Page 235 and 236: microscopic organisms therefore it
Page 237 and 238: Microscopic measurements:The micros
Page 239 and 240: Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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Page 243 and 244: of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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Page 247 and 248: In plant, cell wall shows three dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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Page 255 and 256: Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
Page 257 and 258: v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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Page 261 and 262: chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
Page 263 and 264: c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
Page 265 and 266: organisms are classified into proka
Page 267 and 268: ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
Page 269 and 270: 7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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