327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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National Botanical GardensNationalBotanical gardenLucknowAJCBIndianBotanical gardenKolkataEstablished in1948Arboretum-500 species of treesEstablished in1786 byLt. Col. Robert Kyd500 speciesof Rose hybridsJNTBGRITrivandrumKeralaEstablished in1979Conservingtropical plant:Genetic resources4,000 speciesThe NationalOrchidariumYercaudEstablished in1963Maintained bySouthern circleof BSI3,000 trees and1,800 shrubsLargest andoldest15,000species ofplantsMajor attractiongermplasmcollection &ex-situconservationplants &300 species ofplantsMajor Attraction-Insectivorous plantsMajor Attraction-The GreatBanyan TreeMajor attraction-Bambusetum(69 species)Figure 5.1: National Botanical Garden168
Botanical garden contains special plantcollections such as cacti, succulent, greenhouse, shade house, tropical, alpine andexotic plants. Worldwide there are about1800 botanical gardens and arboreta.Role of Botanical Garden: BotanicalGardens play the following important roles.1. Gardens with aesthetic value whichattract a large number of visitors. Forexample, the Great Banyan Tree (Ficusbenghalensis) in the Indian BotanicalGarden at Kolkata.2. Gardens have a wide range of speciesand supply taxonomic material forbotanical research.3. Garden is used for self-instruction ordemonstration purposes.4. It can integrate information of diversefields like Anatomy, Embryology,Phytochemistry, Cytology, Physiologyand Ecology.5. Act as a conservation centre for diversity,rare and endangered species.6. It offers annual list of available speciesand a free exchange of seeds.7. Botanical garden gives informationabout method of propagation, sale ofplant material to the general public.Royal Botanic garden,Kew- EnglandRoyal Botanic garden Kew- Englandis a non- departmental public bodyin the United Kingdom. It is thelargest botanical garden in the world,established in 1760, but officially openedin the year 1841.Figure 5.2: Royal Botanic garden,Kew - EnglandPlant collections include Aquaticgarden, Arboretum with 14,000 trees,Bonsai collection, Cacti collection,Carnivorous plant collection.5.8 Herbarium – Preparation and usesHerbaria are store houses of preservedplant collections. Plants are preserved inthe form of pressed and dried specimensmounted on a sheet of paper. Herbaria actas a centre for research and function assources of material for systematic work.Preparation of herbarium SpecimenHerbarium Specimen is defined as apressed and dried plant sample that ispermanently glued or strapped to a sheetof paper along with a documentation label.Preparation of herbarium specimenincludes the following steps.1. Plant collection: Field collection,Liquid preserved collection, Livingcollection, Collection for molecularstudies.2. Documentation of field site data3. Preparation of plant specimen4. Mounting herbarium specimen5. Herbarium labels.6. Protection of herbarium sheets againstmold and insects169
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUBOTANYHIGHE
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CONTENTSBOTANYUNIT I: Diversity of
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TNAU B.Sc. Agriculture, B.Sc. Horti
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Research Institutions in various ar
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Chapter1Unit I: Diversity ofLiving
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(a)Nucleus(b)to change is called Ho
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1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved thatv
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1.2.6 BacteriophageViruses infectin
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are similar to viroids but they are
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Table 1.4: Systems of Classificatio
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Table 1.5: Comparison of Five Kingd
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CoccusDiplococcusStaphylococcusTetr
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MesosomesThese are localized infold
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What are Magnetosomes ?Intracellula
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with the help of pili. The pilus gr
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Table 1.7: Economic importance of B
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Table 1.10: Human diseases caused b
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• The reserve food material isCya
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logos - study). P.A. Micheli is con
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TrichogyneMicroconidia(f) Sporangia
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Zygomycetes• Most of the species
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fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts
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like Amylase, Protease, Lactase etc
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and multinucleate structures which
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Figure 1.29: V.S. of Agaricus gillb
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evenly distributed in the thallus)
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6. Differentiate Homoiomerous andHe
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Chapter2Plant KingdomLearning Objec
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2.2 Life Cycle Patterns in PlantsAl
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FlagellaChloroplastOogoniumAntherid
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Autospores (spores which look simil
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r-phycocyanin are the photosyntheti
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ReproductionOedogonium reproduces b
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cells are elongated and possesses a
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• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous
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GametophyteThe plant body of Marcha
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The sporophyte is not free-living b
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4. Development of Bulbils on the rh
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2.5 PteridophytesSeedless Vascular
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Division-PTERIDOPHYTASub divisionPs
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but it is viewed to be associated w
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microsporangium and megaspores inme
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The epidermis is the outermost laye
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1. Protostele:In protostele phloem
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a) Cycas b) Thuja c) Taxus d) Ginkg
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2.6.4 CycasClass - CycadopsidaOrder
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of the rachis is the arrangement of
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consists of 3 layers, the outer and
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(ii) Dwarf shoot or branches of lim
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Figure 2.53b Pinus Pollen Grainc) A
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parts of the extinct plants are obt
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The sporangia with spores are found
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ICT CornerDifferent forms of plants
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3.1 HabitThe general form of a plan
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I. Characteristic features• Root
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3.5.2 Modifications of rootI. Tap r
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3. Sucking or Haustorial rootsThese
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3.6.2 Types of StemMajority of angi
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CladodePhyllocladeSpineScaly leafRu
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4. TuberThis is a succulent undergr
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2. Palmately reticulate venation(mu
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AlternatePolyalthia4. Whorled (vert
Page 125 and 126: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Figure 3.16: Typ
Page 127 and 128: 3. Plicate or plaited - when the le
Page 129 and 130: 6. Draw and label the parts of regi
Page 131 and 132: Chapter4Reproductive MorphologyLear
Page 133 and 134: 4.1.2 Based on branching pattern an
Page 135 and 136: f. Panicle: A branched raceme is ca
Page 137 and 138: Figure 4.6: (b) diagrammatic,(c) Mo
Page 139 and 140: 4.2 FlowerIn a plant, which part wo
Page 141 and 142: Figure 4.13: (a)ActinomorphicFigure
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4.17: (a)TrimerousFigure 4.1
Page 145 and 146: Figure 4.21: (d)CampanulateFigure 4
Page 147 and 148: 4.3.7 Aestivation: Arrangement of s
Page 149 and 150: c. Gynostegium:Connation product of
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.7 Anther dehiscing directionIt
Page 153 and 154: CorollaAnthophoreCalyxSaffron flowe
Page 155 and 156: 4.6 Construction of floral diagrama
Page 157 and 158: Br : Bracteate.Ebr : EbracteateBrl
Page 159 and 160: Berry (Tomato)Drupe (Mango)Pepo (Cu
Page 161 and 162: is free from seed coat. Example: Cl
Page 163 and 164: FruitsSimpleAggregateMultipleEtaeri
Page 165 and 166: 4.8 SeedDo all fruits contain seeds
Page 167 and 168: ICT CornerFloral diagram and floral
Page 169 and 170: laid strong foundation for the bino
Page 171 and 172: Another concept emphasises the prod
Page 173 and 174: erecto folius compositis. It means
Page 175: Regional FloraIt includes large geo
Page 179 and 180: International HerbariumS.No Herbari
Page 181 and 182: Taxonomists have assigned a methodo
Page 183 and 184: Seed plantsClass IDicotyledonaeClas
Page 185 and 186: Figure 5.8: Adolph Engler and Karl
Page 187 and 188: Monocots are classified into 11 ord
Page 189 and 190: 1. Easily visible characters like s
Page 191 and 192: the form of a tree called phylogene
Page 193 and 194: based on shared apomorphic characte
Page 195 and 196: Flowers: Bracteate, bracteolate(Ses
Page 197 and 198: are dithecous, basifixed, introse a
Page 199 and 200: Economic ImportanceEconomicimportan
Page 201 and 202: 5.13.2 Family: Apocynaceae (milk we
Page 203 and 204: FlowerLeafFruitCorollaSepalCalyxL.S
Page 205 and 206: Economic importance of the family A
Page 207 and 208: 5.13.3 Family: Solanaceae (Potato F
Page 209 and 210: LeafStamenCorollaStamenCorollaCalyx
Page 211 and 212: Habit: A small annual herbRoot: Bra
Page 213 and 214: 5.13.4 Family: Euphorbiaceae (Casto
Page 215 and 216: Botanical Description Of Ricinus co
Page 217 and 218: Economic importance of the family E
Page 219 and 220: HeliconiaceaeSystematic PositionAPG
Page 221 and 222: LeafSpatheFlowerFruitBranchedspadix
Page 223 and 224: Economic Importance of The Family M
Page 225 and 226: in species of Smilax it is reticula
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Economic importance of the family l
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State Flower of Tamil NaduGloriosa
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as karyotaxonomy. The application o
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Chapter6Unit III: Cell biology andB
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microscopic organisms therefore it
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Microscopic measurements:The micros
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Comparison of MicroscopesFeaturesSo
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These solutes may be homogeneous(so
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of nuclear material. The DNA is wit
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The first cell might have evolvedap
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In plant, cell wall shows three dis
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Figure 6.13: Transport of molecules
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The largest of the internal membran
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time faster than DNA in the nucleus
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Ribosome consists of RNA andprotein
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v. Tannins in Mimosa pudica.vi. Rap
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secondary constrictions are called
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chromosome forms the chromosomal ax
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c. Smears: Here the specimen is in
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organisms are classified into proka
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ICT CornerCell structureCell-The un
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7.1 History of a CellTable 7.1: His
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Figure 7.1: Cell cyclethe cell cycl
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Drawbacks of Amitosis• Causes une
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the key regulatory proteins at the
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organs. It results in the formation
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Figure 7.8: MeiosisTelophase IIFour
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Summary273
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ICT CornerCell divisionHow cells ar
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222222BiomoleculesOrganic compounds
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8.2 Primary and SecondaryMetabolite
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8.3.2 DisaccharidesDisaccharides ar
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8.3.8 ChitinChitin is a homo polysa
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linoleic acid) the hydrocarbon chai
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8.5 ProteinsProteins are the most d
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8.5.2 Structure of ProteinProtein i
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colour develops without heating (Fi
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8.6.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of
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allosteric inhibitors. Eg. The enzy
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LyaseLigaseEnzymesMode ofactionBrea
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A characteristic feature that diffe
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Blue bands - Twosugar-phosphatechai
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Evaluation1. The most basic amino a
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ReferencesUnit 1: Diversity of Livi
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GlossaryAcetyl CoAActive siteAkinet
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English - Tamil TerminologyAcropeta
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Competitive Examination QuestionsUn
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22. Which one of the following stat
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18. How many plants in the list giv
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BOTANICAL NAMES AND COMMON NAMESS.N
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64 Musa paradisiaca Banana வா
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327 - 11th Botany Textbook Volume 1

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