Using a Music Therapy Collaborative Consultative Approach - World ...

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direct observation using event recording. That is, data were collected as the target child
performed each step of each task (hand-washing, toilet training, cleaning-up). Data were
recorded during Condition A and B (song intervention, lyric intervention) when the subject
arrived to school before the transition to breakfast has started; and the classroom teacher was
available.
Data were collected by direct observation once a day on hand-washing before
breakfast, toilet training after breakfast, and clean up before the morning circle time. The
observation time started for Task #1 (hand-washing) as soon as the target child was ready to
manipulate the handle to turn the water on and his teacher started to sing or said “turn the
water on.” For Task #2 (toilet training) the observation time started as soon as the subject
was prompted with a diaper to transition to the bathroom and the teacher sang the song or
said ”Get up.” For Task #3 (cleaning-up) the observation time started as soon as the teacher
sang the clean up song or said “clean up.” Data collection ended as soon as the teacher went
through all the steps of each task. Some of the sessions were videotaped with a Panasonic
AG-195 Camcorder for reliability purposes, then analyzed afterwards. The event recording
was employed based on the observers judgment about the target child’s behaviors in each
step of each task, and on the results the observer recorded for each step and each task on a
specially designed data sheet.
The definition of the categories for each task were as follows:
• Did it was recorded when the subject performed the action by himself. His
teacher did not need to (or did not) provide any support that helped the subject to
perform the target behavior. It was an independent performance of the child.