General Chemistry Principles, Patterns, and Applications, 2011

d. 16Ga(l) + 3S 8 (s) → 8Ga 2 S 3 (s)
e. 2Tl(s) + H 2 S(g) → Tl 2 S(s) + H 2 (g)
8.
9.
a. a. 2In s
( ) + 3I 2 ( s) - ® D In 2
I 6
s
BCl 3 (l) + 3H 2 O(l) → B(OH) 3 (aq) + 3HCl(aq)
b. 4Ga(l ) + 3O 2
g
( ) - ® D 2Ga 2
O 3 ( s)
( )B 12 (s) + 18Cl 2 (g) → 12BCl 3 (l)
c. 2Tl(s) + 3Cl 2 (g) → 2TlCl 3 (s); TlCl 3 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) → Tl(H 2 O 6 ) 3+ (aq) + 3Cl − (aq)
d. 2Na(s) + 2H 2 O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H 2 (g); 2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 6H 2 O(l) →
2Al(OH) − 4 + 3H 2 (g) + 2Na + (aq)
22.2 The Elements of Group 14
L E A R N I N G O B JE C T I V E
1. To understand the trends in properties and reactivity of the group 14 elements.
The elements of group 14 show a greater range of chemical behavior than any other family in the periodic
table. Three of the five elements—carbon, tin, and lead—have been known since ancient times. For
example, some of the oldest known writings are Egyptian hieroglyphics written on papyrus with ink made
from lampblack, a finely divided carbon soot produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
(Figure 22.5 "Very Small Particles of Noncrystalline Carbon Are Used to Make Black Ink").Activated
carbon is an even more finely divided form of carbon that is produced from the thermal decomposition of
organic materials, such as sawdust. Because it adsorbs many organic and sulfur-containing compounds,
activated carbon is used to decolorize foods, such as sugar, and to purify gases and wastewater.
(a) Since ancient times, ink sticks have been the major source of black ink in Asia. Plant oils or
resinous woods such as pine are burned, and the resulting soot (lampblack) is collected, mixed with
binders such as animal glues and minerals, compressed into a solid stick, and allowed to dry.
Liquid ink is made by rubbing the ink stick against the surface of a special stone ink dish with small
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