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822. As of July 2009, all but one of the Rule 11bis first instance trials conducted before the BWCC had been completed. David Schwendiman, “Background and Introduction,” pp. 14–15 (July 2009) (on file with author). 823. Interview with Milorad Barašin, chief prosecutor, State Court of BiH, Sarajevo, July 14, 2009. 824. Id. Barašin went on to say that the ICTY provided assistance “even in cases concerning lower level perpetrators.” 825. Tolbert and Kontić, Transitional Justice, supra, p. 157. 826. David Schwendiman, “Background and Introduction,” p. 15 (July 2009) (on file with author). 827. Tolbert and Kontić, Transitional Justice, supra, p. 157. Of these, two cases had been prosecuted to a first instance verdict by July 2009. David Schwendiman, “Background and Introduction,” p. 16 (July 2009) (on file with author). 828. Tolbert and Kontić, Transitional Justice, supra, p. 158. Material in Category II cases sometimes has included material derived from Rules of the Road files. See id. 829. Interview with Vaso Marinković, then head of SDWC, BiH Prosecutor’s Office, Dec. 4, 2006. 830. David Schwendiman, “Background and Introduction,” p. 19 (July 2009) (on file with author). As noted earlier, the ICTY Web site uses the figure of 848 to describe files that received an “A” marking under the Rules of the Road program. The ICTY OTP sent the SDWC electronic copies of files that had been given other markings somewhat later. See id. The SDWC decided to review only those files that had received an “A” marking and not attempt to use other files submitted to the ICTY as a basis for further investigations. Interview with David Schwendiman, then head of SDWC, Sarajevo, July 14, 2009. 831. See David Schwendiman, “Background and Introduction,” pp. 19–20 (July 2009) (on file with author). 832. It was anticipated that the SDWC would review the sufficiency of evidence of cases that did not receive an “A” marking, see OSCE, Progress and Obstacles, p. 18, but instead, the office decided to review only files marked “A.” 833. See David Schwendiman, “Background and Introduction,” p. 20 (July 2009) (on file with author). 834. According to Human Rights Watch, prosecutors in Republika Srpska claim that the referral process that followed the state court’s review of Rules of the Road cases led to an improvement in the quality of indictments and case preparation in RS. See Human Rights Watch, Still Waiting: Bringing Justice for War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, and Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Cantonal and District Courts (July 2008) (citations omitted), at http://www.hrw.org/en/node/62137/ section/3. 835. Interview with Vaso Marinković, then head of SDWC, Sarajevo, Dec. 4, 2006. As of August 8, 2009, indictments had been issued in 84 cases before the BWCC, some involving multiple defendants. See http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/?opcija=sve_optuzniceandodjel=1andjezik=e. 836. As of July 2009, the “best estimate” of the SDWC was that some 4,990 war crimes-related files involving 9,878 suspects, including cases returned to local prosecutors following review under the Rules of the Road program, were “in the hands of prosecutors throughout” Bosnia. But these figures can be misleading, the department cautions, as “they do not take into account the amount 200 NOTES
of redundancy in the files.” David Schwendiman, “Background and Introduction,” pp. 20–21 (July 2009). 837. See ICTY Web site at http://www.icty.org/sid/96. 838. Interview with Toby Cadman and David Schwendiman, SDWC, Sarajevo, June 12, 2007. 839. In April 2009, for example, ICTY Prosecutor Serge Brammertz participated in a two-day symposium in Brussels with prosecutors from Bosnia and other countries that were formerly Yugoslav republics. See Simon Jennings, “Brammertz Urges Balkan Politicians to Support Local Courts,” ICTY -Tribunal Update No. 595, IWPR, Apr. 3, 2009. This was hardly the first meeting between ICTY prosecutors and regional prosecutors. ICTY prosecutors have met regularly with all the prosecutors in the Balkans through several programs, including the “Palić process” spearheaded by the OSCE as well as parallel processes sponsored by the US Department of Justice. These have led to regional cooperation on many fronts. 840. Id. 841. Interview with Nerma Jelačić, then director of BIRN in BiH, Sarajevo, Dec. 1, 2006. 842. Interview with Emir Suljagić, Sarajevo, July 14, 2009. 843. Interview with Matias Hellman, then liaison officer of ICTY, Sarajevo, Nov. 29, 2006. 844. Press Release, OTP/OK/PR1324e (July 1, 2009), “Office of the Prosecutor of the ICTY Welcomes Liaison Prosecutors from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia to the Tribunal,” at http://www.icty.org/sid/10176. This program is funded by the European Commission. 845. Interview with Jasmina Pjanić, director, Criminal Defense Support Section of State Court of BiH, Sarajevo, July 14, 2009. 846. The final report of the project, Supporting the Transition Process: Lessons Learned and Best Practices in Knowledge Transfer. http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/39685_en.pdf. html, was published in September 2009. 847. ICTY Manual on Developed Practices, ICTY and UNICRI, June 2009, http://www.icty.org/x/ file/About/Reports%20and%20Publications/manual_developed_practices/icty_manual_on_developed_practices.pdf 848. Among other organizations, the American Bar Association Central and Eastern Europe Initiative (CEELI) has organized a wide range of war crimes training programs for Bosnian lawyers, including defense counsel. Interview with Dubravka Piotrovski, ABA CEELI, Sarajevo, Nov. 29, 2006. 849. This has included management expertise. Michael Th. Johnson, the first registrar of the BiH State Court, had been a prosecutor at the ICTY before taking up this role in Sarajevo. 850. The three former ICTY prosecutors serving on the chamber are Judges Marie Tuma, Philip Weiner, and David Re. 851. Interview with Judge Meddžida Kreso, president, State Court of BiH, Sarajevo, Dec. 4, 2006. 852. Interview with Branko Perić, then president of HJPC, Sarajevo, Dec. 4, 2006. 853. Id. 854. Interview with Sevima Sali-Terzić, senior legal counsel for the Constitutional Court of Bosnia, Sarajevo, Nov. 30, 2006. Although the quoted words are those of Sali-Terzić, the same point was made by a number of our Bosnian interlocutors. One characterized certain international judges THAT SOMEONE GUILTY BE PUNISHED 201
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That Someone Guilty Be Punished The
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That Someone Guilty Be Punished The
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments 7
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Acknowledgments Diane Orentlicher,
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Methodology This report draws upon
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I. Introduction On May 25, 1993, th
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Victims’ Justice The Security Cou
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in the . Srebrenica genocide. Many
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Journalist Nidžara Ahmetašević r
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survive “ethnic cleansing.” Muh
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ings [of Bosnia’s judiciary were]
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from territories under Serb control
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C. Peace and Justice If the ICTY fa
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groups are approximately the same s
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F. Cooperation by Bosnian Authoriti
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Women [who were captured by Serb so
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Tribunal’s expressive function in
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We found this view to be nearly uni
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Branko Todorović, who heads the He
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full establishment of healthy and c
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Sali-Teržić believes that justice
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committed war crimes, a notion that
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J. “Justice Isn’t Just in Legal
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Vehid Šehić, who believes the ICT
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Because our own research did not in
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imposed on two other perpetrators c
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feared it would be reduced to half
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Enumerating victims’ frustrations
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While some of our Bosnian interlocu
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2. Biljana Plavšić On October 2,
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Others interviewed during the same
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executions, the execution in Korić
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D. Significant Verdicts, Other Ruli
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at least 2012; another, Ratko Mladi
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could be legally attributed to Serb
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Hasečić leads, the Association of
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ings … went before any expectatio
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enica survivor Kada Hotić describe
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they are in the shadow of Karadži
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First, individuals who had been for
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Kovačević, who was under indictme
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says it was “not the major reason
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their names are not publicly disclo
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V. Truth and Acknowledgment The off
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A. Acknowledging and Condemning Atr
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We encountered another brand of non
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Herzegovina that only serves to cau
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3. Acknowledgement on the part of o
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More generally, Bosnians’ percept
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is standard procedure for prosecuto
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crimes occurred and meet with local
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Srd¯an Dizdarević believes that t
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VI. Impact on Domestic War Crimes P
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But if his words seemed to invite s
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Rules of the Road In the aftermath
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Responding to a question about the
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In examining the results and prospe
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the ICTY’s strategy for completin
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a. Rule 11 bis cases While Rule 11
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ut the documentation is still in th
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December 2006, Vaso Marinković, th
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tional judges and prosecutors are n
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The ICTY prosecuted just one person
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In recent years, state authorities
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in the late 1990s, as it finally be
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oning with the dark pages of its re
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9. Interview with Fadil Budnjo, pre
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38. As we note in Chapter VI, then
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58. Richard J. Goldstone, For Human
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84. In 1997, the Peace Implementati
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the Security Council, S/2005/781, D
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135. Interview with Mirsad Duratovi
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160. The ICTY prosecutor issued the
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Page 158 and 159: 267. In November 2001, Dragan Kolun
Page 160 and 161: Families of Missing, Forcibly Detai
Page 162 and 163: vict’s sentence, including “the
Page 164 and 165: 348. See Marlise Simons, “Crossin
Page 166 and 167: 379. See Judith Armatta, “Srebren
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Page 170 and 171: 426. Interview with Kada Hotić, vi
Page 172 and 173: 467. The average length of trials c
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Page 176 and 177: estored to them. The early return o
Page 178 and 179: 561. Murselović recalled that at t
Page 180 and 181: other charges. See Marlise Simons,
Page 182 and 183: of the Convention on the Prevention
Page 184 and 185: admit to the existence of war crimi
Page 186 and 187: 681. “Controversial group in Sreb
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Page 190 and 191: Herzegovina, 46 Colum J. Transnat
Page 192 and 193: 729. International Crisis Group, Wa
Page 194 and 195: Change, Analysts Say,” New York T
Page 196 and 197: tation of the Peace Agreement to th
Page 198 and 199: Republika Srpska (31.9%). See South
Page 200 and 201: 798. E-mail communication with Pipi
Page 204 and 205: as “horrible,” while noting tha
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Page 208 and 209: sarily devoted mainly to prosecutin
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Page 214: When the United Nations Security Co
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