A “Toolbox” for Forensic Engineers

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Failure Due to Manufacturing Faults 137 Number of Counts Number of Counts Aluminum Magnesium Silicon 1 2 3 Aluminum Magnesium Silicon 1 2 3 Trace A Manganese Figure 5.6 X-ray scans from SEM analysis of broken and unused rivets. Copper 4 5 6 7 8 Energy keV Trace B Manganese Copper 4 5 6 7 8 Energy keV might then in turn become overstressed, causing the entire set to progressively unzip. Hence the next task was to examine the specification for the rivets on the engineering drawing. The relevant notes and diagram are reproduced in Figure 5.7 and Figure 5.8. It will be noticed that the rivet stock should be supplied in the H2 condition (as manufactured by the shaping and heading operations), but before use must be solution treated and then used within 48 h.
138 Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies Figure 5.7 Extract from workshop drawing of rivet for container seams: drawing notes rivet with dimensions. 0.5 in. Figure 5.8 Detail drawing of rivet. 0.32 in. 0.160 in. 0.187 in. High strength in certain aluminum alloys, particularly those used in airframes, is achieved by a precipitation hardening mechanism. This involves a rearrangement of atoms within the crystals by soaking the alloy at a temperature not far below its melting point, so that alloying elements dissolve in solid solution, followed by quenching immediately into water. This retains the elements in the solid solution, but over a few days at room temperature they begin to precipitate and cause a dramatic increase in yield and tensile strength accompanied by a reduction in ductility. When this process takes place at room temperature it is called natural aging or age hardening; when it is accelerated by heating for an hour or so in the region of 200˚C it is called artificial aging or precipitation hardening. There is a problem with precipitation-hardening alloys: although they retain a high degree of ductility in the solution-treated condition, as they harden they gradually lose this and the ductility in the fully aged condition measured in the tensile test may be as low as 8% elongation, even lower in the really high strength alloys. This means that if parts are to be deformed to any extent such as setting the head of a rivet, this operation must be carried
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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Preface Case studies of product fai
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could not be simpler in shape, they
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Acknowledgments We thank The Open U
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The Authors Peter R. Lewis, Ph.D.,
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Laboratories of Imperial College of
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3 Establishing the Load Transfer Pa
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6.5.2 A Problem in Eire 197 6.5.3 M
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9.4.2 Failure in Femoral Stem of To
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13.3.7 Design Development Sequence
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2 Forensic Materials Engineering: C
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Materials in Distress 2.1 Introduct
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Materials in Distress 27 It is usef
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Materials in Distress 29 (A) Unload
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Materials in Distress 31 1. Flowing
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Materials in Distress 33 to compens
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Materials in Distress 35 Fracture o
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Materials in Distress 37 Force A Fr
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Materials in Distress 39 Such fract
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Materials in Distress 41 somewhat b
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Materials in Distress 43 Figure 2.8
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Materials in Distress 49 Stress Amp
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Materials in Distress 53 solutions.
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Materials in Distress 59 short time
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Failure of Storage Vessels 253 Hull
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Accidents in the Workplace 255 8 De
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Accidents in the Workplace 257 ensu
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Accidents in the Workplace 259 4. F
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Failure of Medical Implements 9.1 I
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Intellectual Property Cases 13.1 In
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A “Toolbox” for Forensic Engineers

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