A “Toolbox” for Forensic Engineers

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Accidents in the Workplace 277 (Figure 8.15), any other angle lowering the contact area of the serrated surface against the ground. This was demonstrated by recording the footprint of the feet at several angles of repose. The edge in contact with the ground thus becomes even more heavily loaded over a much smaller area of contact. 8.4.5 Repose Angle 52∞ Figure 8.15 Fixed attitude ladder feet (schematic). The next question to be addressed was the likely angle at which the ladder had been leaned against the wall. The claimant thought that it had been leaned against the sill of the upper window, so that then the angle of repose could be calculated for two situations: an unextended ladder and the ladder extended by one rung. Greater degrees of extension would create progressively lower angles of repose. As a working hypothesis, it was thus assumed that the ladder had been used either unextended, or with one rung extended. Leaning the ladder against the sill would be given by sin Ø = vertical height to sill/ladder length (8.2) With the known length of the unextended ladder being 4.46 m, extended by one rung being 4.71 m and with the adjacent sill being 3.69 m from the level ground surface, then ∆ = 56° (unextended) or 52° for an extension of one rung. The situation for the ladder is shown schematically in Figure 8.16 and Figure 8.17, with the plastic tips leaning against the window sill. In this position, a slight movement of the ladder would allow the ladder to jumpdown onto the adjacent wall, where either the aluminum tips of the lower section of the ladder or the plastic tips on the upper section would make contact with the brick wall. Both sets of tips showed abrasion, most visibly obvious in the case of the plastic tips (Figure 8.18). In addition, matching the ladder to the wall with known lengths and heights showed that the unextended ladder had most likely been used. The angle of repose of 56° was well below the recommended angle of repose of 75° for this design of ladder.
278 Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies 56∞ Figure 8.16 Side view of unextended ladder leaning against window sill (schematic). Upper Section Buffer Lower Section Figure 8.17 Close-up of tips against wall (schematic). But what could explain the curious set of marks below the window and the comment about “walking down the wall”? 8.4.6 Stability Experiments Patio Upper Window The final phase of experiments involved simulating the weight of the user when working near the top of the ladder. Both the actual weight and height Sill Sill Brick Wall French Window First Contact with Wall
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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Preface Case studies of product fai
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could not be simpler in shape, they
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Acknowledgments We thank The Open U
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The Authors Peter R. Lewis, Ph.D.,
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Laboratories of Imperial College of
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3 Establishing the Load Transfer Pa
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6.5.2 A Problem in Eire 197 6.5.3 M
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9.4.2 Failure in Femoral Stem of To
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13.3.7 Design Development Sequence
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Materials in Distress 2.1 Introduct
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Materials in Distress 27 It is usef
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Materials in Distress 29 (A) Unload
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Materials in Distress 31 1. Flowing
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Materials in Distress 33 to compens
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Materials in Distress 35 Fracture o
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Materials in Distress 43 Figure 2.8
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Materials in Distress 49 Stress Amp
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Materials in Distress 53 solutions.
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Intellectual Property Cases 13.1 In
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A “Toolbox” for Forensic Engineers

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