A “Toolbox” for Forensic Engineers

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Introduction 5 Faulty Pressure Cap (Other Possible Cause) Leak to Outside Leaking Pump Seal Overheating Engine Figure 1.2 Fault tree diagram showing causal connections for an overheating automobile engine. Coolant Reservoir Coolant Level Too Low Broken Hose or Clip Pressure Cap (Other Possible Cause) Cracked Cylinder Head Internal Leak Figure 1.3 Simple diagram of the cooling system of an engine. Fan Radiator Engine Block Damaged Cylinder Head Gasket a faulty pressure cap (Figure 1.3). There are several dotted lines on the fault tree that indicate other possible causes (which might be peculiar to a particular model of a certain make of car). Fault tree diagrams are useful because they place analysis on a systematic footing, and give a mechanic or fitter a logical path to follow during examination. Each failure mode will exhibit well-defined features, so if inspection of the engine near the cooling hoses shows one point where there are dried traces of impurities from the cooling system, then the adjacent hose will need further, much closer examination. With machines in which the working principle is totally known or if the principle of operation is known in outline form only, it is often possible to
6 Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies Market Design and Manufacture Legislation Competitors Standards Materials Properties Codes of Practice Testing and Usage Failure Case Studies Core Phases Information Identification of Need Techniques Patents Market Analysis Specification Prototyping Detail Design Manufacture Sales and Usage Use and Failure Wear-Out, Failure Evaluation Materials Selection Analysis Costing Manufacturing Methods Testing FMEA of Design, Manufacture Failure Investigation Figure 1.4 Product design flow diagram with core activities in center, information sources at left and methods at right. evaluate failure using common sense ideas. The basis of analysis proceeds by a logical analysis of the way failure has occurred. If the original failure is buried under consequential damage, then the task is more difficult than for simple failures. Alternatively, or in addition, the failed component may lie deep within the machine, and the failure only inferred from the lack of a particular function. However, clues to the failure may be exhibited by contact traces of wear or abrasion, for example, where none would normally be expected. Analysis of such traces is known as trace or contact analysis and can be extremely useful in locating the source of a particular problem. Forensic investigation often starts after simple inspection by a mechanic or fitter reveals a component that should not have failed, or shows defective design
Page 5 and 6: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
Page 8 and 9: Preface Case studies of product fai
Page 10 and 11: could not be simpler in shape, they
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgments We thank The Open U
Page 14 and 15: The Authors Peter R. Lewis, Ph.D.,
Page 16: Laboratories of Imperial College of
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Materials in Distress 55 Figure 2.1
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Materials in Distress 57 Figure 2.2
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Materials in Distress 59 short time
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Accidents in the Workplace 255 8 De
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Failure of Medical Implements 9.1 I
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A “Toolbox” for Forensic Engineers

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