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List of Figures Figure I.1 Comparison between physical properties for the homologous linear series of alkanes and perfluoroalkanes (filled symbols): (a) critical temperature, (b) critical pressure, (c) critical density, (d) molecular weight, (e) boiling temperature and (e) acentric factor. Data from NIST DataBase. Tb and acentric factors for C > 6 calculated from vapour pressure data measured in this work …………………………. Figure II.1 Comparison between experimental density data for perfluoro-nhexane measured in this work (♦) and literature data measured by (○) Stiles et al. (1952); (∆) Piñeiro et al. (2004); (□) Dunlap et al. (1958) air saturated sample; (◊) Dunlap et al. (1958) degassed sample and (x) Kennan et al. (1988) ……………………………………………… Figure II.2 Comparison between experimental density data for perfluoro-noctane measured in this work (▲) and literature data measured by (*) Haszeldine et al. (1951) and (+) Kreglewski (1962) ………………… Figure II.3 Comparison between experimental density data for perfluoro-nnonane measured in this work (■) and literature data measured by (*) Haszeldine et al. (1951) and (∆) Piñeiro et al. (2004) ……………….. Figure II.4 Comparison between experimental density data for perfluorobenzene (*) and perfluorotoluene (x) measured in this work and literature data measured by (–) Hales et al. (1974) ………………………………….. Figure II.5 Scheme of the vapor pressure apparatus: A, Cell; B, water bath; C, pressure transducer; D, liquid nitrogen trap; E, hot water jacket protected tube; F, condenser; G, vacuum pump; H, datalogger; I, computer; J, temperature controller; L, cell temperature sensor (Pt100); M, hot-block box for the pressure sensor; N, PID temperature controller; V, high vacuum Teflon valves ……………… Figure II.6 Comparison between correlated experimental and literature vaporpressure data of perfluoroperfluorobenzene: (♦) this work; (□), Ambrose (1981); (∆), Findlay et al. (1969); (x) Counsell et al. (1965) and (*) Douslin et al. (1965). ΔP = Pexptl - Pcalcd …………………….. Figure II.7 Comparison between correlated experimental vapor pressure data of perfluoro-n-hexane measured in this work (♦) and correlated literature data measured by Stiles et al., 1952 (□); Dunlap et al., 1958 (Δ) and Crowder et al., 1967 (×). ΔP = Pexp - Pcalc …………………… Figure II.8 Comparison between correlated experimental vapor pressure data of perfluoro-n-octane measured in this work (▲) and correlated literature data measured by Kreglewski et al., 1962 (Δ). ΔP = Pexp - Pcalc …………………………………………………………………… - viii - 5 32 32 33 33 38 41 45 46
Figure II.9 Comparison between correlated experimental and literature vapor pressure data of perfluorotoluene measured in this work (▲), and correlated literature data measured by Ambrose et al., 1981 (Δ). ΔP = Pexp - Pcalc ……………………………………………………… Figure II.10 Experimental apparatus: Vi - Valves; PS - Pre-saturator; P - Vacuum gauge; M - Mercury Manometer; R - Mercury Reservoir …………… Figure II.11 Study of the effect of the chain on the solubility of oxygen in perfluoroalkanes. Oxygen’s mole fraction as a function of the temperature in perfluoro-n-hexane (♦), perfluoro-n-octane (▲) and perfluoro-n-nonane (●) at solute’s partial pressure ………………….. Figure II.12 Study of the effect of the structure on the solubility of oxygen in perfluoroalkanes. Oxygen’s mole fraction as a function of the temperature in perfluorodecalin (∆), 1Br-perfluoro-n-octane (○), 1Hperfluoro-n-octane (□) and 1H,8H-perfluoro-n-octane (◊) at solute’s partial pressure ……………………………………………………….. Figure II.13 Validation of the Henry’s law for the systems under study. Oxygen’s mole fraction in perfluoro-n-nonane at pressures different from atmospheric …………………………………………………………... Figure II.14a Comparison between Ostwald coefficient for perfluoro-n-hexane measured in this work (♦) and reported by (◊) Gomes et al. (2004) …. Figure II.14b Comparison between Ostwald coefficient for perfluoro-n-octane measured in this work (▲) and reported by (∆) Gomes et al. (2004) and (*) Wesseler et al. (1977) ………………………………………... Figure II.14c Comparison between Ostwald coefficient for perfluorodecalin measured in this work (●) and reported by (○) Gomes et al. (2004) and by (∆) Wesseler et al. (1977) ……………………………………. Figure II.14d Comparison between Ostwald coefficient for 1Br-C8F17 measured in this work (*) and reported by (x) Gomes et al. (2004), (∆) Wesseler et al. (1977), (○) Riess (2001) and (□) Skurts et al. (1978) ………….. Figure II.15 Schematic diagram of the apparatus. (1) high-pressure variablevolume cell; (2) piezoresistive pressure transducers; (3) magnetic bar; (4) thermostat bath circulator; (5) thermometer connected to a platinium resistance; (6) endoscope plus a video camera; (7) screen; (8) perfluoroalkanes; (9) vacuum pump; (10) carbon dioxide ………. Figure II.16 Experimental measured solubility of CO2 in perfluoroalkanes at 293.15K (a) and 353.15 K (b): Perfluoro-n-octane (*), Perfluorodecalin (■), Perfluorobenzene (▲), Perfluorotoluene (♦) and Perfluoromethylcyclohexane (x) ………………………………... - ix - 46 53 60 60 61 62 62 62 62 69 74
Page 1 and 2: Ana Maria Antunes Dias Universidade
Page 3 and 4: o júri presidente Prof. Dr. Joaqui
Page 5 and 6: palavras-chave resumo perfluoroalca
Page 7 and 8: Contents Notation List of Tables Li
Page 9 and 10: Notation Abbreviations AAD EoS LCST
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table I.1 Average Bo
Page 13: Table III.6 Adjusted Binary Paramet
Page 17 and 18: Figure III.8 Temperature-density di
Page 19 and 20: Figure III.25 Vapor-phase mole frac
Page 21 and 22: I.1. Fluorine Properties General In
Page 23 and 24: Table I.2. Physicochemical Properti
Page 25 and 26: General Introduction order to compa
Page 27 and 28: General Introduction the numerous a
Page 29 and 30: General Introduction carbon dioxide
Page 31 and 32: General Introduction animals. That
Page 33 and 34: General Introduction Table I.3. Lit
Page 35 and 36: References General Introduction Ban
Page 37 and 38: General Introduction Hildebrand, J.
Page 39 and 40: General Introduction Rowinsky EK. N
Page 41 and 42: II. Part EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, RESU
Page 43 and 44: Experimental Methods, Results and D
Page 49 and 50: Table II.3. (continued) T K ρexp g
Page 51 and 52: ρ / g.cm-3 1.750 1.730 1.710 1.690
Page 55 and 56: I. 3. Vapour pressure I.3.1. Biblio
Page 57 and 58: I.3.2. Apparatus and Procedure Expe
Page 59 and 60: I.3.3. Experimental Results and Dis
Page 63 and 64: Table II.8. (continued) T K Pexp kP
Page 65 and 66:
Experimental Methods, Results and D
Page 67 and 68:
ΔH vap = TΔS vap 2⎛ d ln P ⎞
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I.4. Solubility at atmospheric pres
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x2 (T,P2) 7.0E-03 6.0E-03 5.0E-03 4
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L 2,1 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 285
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P / MPa 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 P / MPa 14 12
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II.6. Liquid - Liquid Equilibrium I
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0 τ β Δ1 2Δ1 [ 1+ B τ + B τ +
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References Experimental Methods, Re
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III.1. Introduction Modeling Most c
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Modeling The pioneering work of Wer
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III.2. Soft-SAFT Model Modeling A S
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Modeling The equation of state is w
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Chain Term Modeling Originally Wert
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Modeling The model is easily extend
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( ) ( ) ∑∑∑ 3 2 2 2 2 qq 32π
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Modeling HRT is a promising theory,
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( ρ) ρ , 0 ≤ ρ ( ρ) 2 Modelin
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III.3. Application to Pure Compound
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Modeling From the optimised paramet
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T / K 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 5
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ln Pvap 1.0E+01 1.0E+00 1.0E-01 1.0
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Modeling Table III.2. Absolute Aver
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Modeling The correlation coefficien
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Pvap (MPa) 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00
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Modeling The mixture parameters a a
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Modeling the assumptions made by th
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Modeling between oxygen and perfluo
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xSolute 5.5E-03 5.0E-03 4.5E-03 4.0
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Modeling previous work, dealing wit
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Modeling These results confirm that
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Modeling CO2 binary mixtures using
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Modeling average deviation (AAD) be
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P / MPa 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.2 0.
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Modeling Figures III.16, III.17 and
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Modeling calculations from the orig
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Table III.9. References for VLE exp
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P / MPa 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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Modeling Finally, Figure III.24 pre
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III.4.4. VLE and LLE of Alkane and
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Modeling number of perfluro-n-alkan
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y C6F14 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0
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P / MPa 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.
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P / MPa 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.
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Modeling approach based on the meth
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Modeling Blas, F. J.; Vega, L. F.,
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DIPPR, Thermophysical Properties Da
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Modeling Hildebrand, J. H.; Fisher,
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Modeling McCabe, C.; Jackson, SAFT-
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Modeling Poling, B.; Prauznitz, J.;
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Modeling Wertheim, M. S., Fluids wi
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