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APPENDIX B FRATRICIDE PREVENTION Introduction FM 42-414 The problem of fratricide is as old as warfare itself. It is a complex problem which defies simple solutions. Fratricide is defined as "the employment of friendly weapons, with the intent to kill the enemy or destroy his equipment and facilities, which results in unforeseen and unintentional death, injury, or damage to friendly, neutral, or noncombatant personnel." This is obviously a broad definition. This appendix focuses on actions leaders take with current resources to reduce the risk of fratricide. Second, it identifies actions that leaders and crews take to stop friendly fire incidents when they occur. Magnitude of the Problem The modern battlefield is more lethal than any in history. The pace of operations is rapid. The battlefield's nonlinear nature creates command and control challenges for all unit leaders. Our ability to acquire targets using thermal imagery exceeds our ability to identify targets as friend or foe. The accuracy and lethality of modern weapons makes it possible to engage and destroy targets at these extended acquisition ranges. Add to this the problem of battlefield obscuration. Rain, dust, fog, smoke, and snow degrade the ability to identify targets by reducing the intensity and clarity of thermal images. The effects of battlefield obscuration must be considered when relying on thermal identification. On the battlefield, positive visual identification cannot be the sole engagement criterion at ranges beyond 1,000 meters. Situational awareness is key and must be maintained throughout an operation. Following are recommended actions to take at crew and leader level, if a friendly fire incident occurs. Crew actions when victims of friendly fires. The crew should-- * React to contact until you can recognize friendly fire. * Report the following on the next higher unit net: o Receipt of friendly fire. o Location, direction, and firing vehicle. o Visual recognition signal to cease fire. * Request for medical help as needed. * Not to return fire when you positively identify the firing element as friendly. Crew actions when engaging friendly fires. The crew should-- Cease fire. Report the following on the next higher net: o The engaged friendly force (if unknown, report number and type of vehicles). o Location. o Direction of friendly force and distance to victim. o Type of fire. o Target effects. B-1
FM 42-414 Crew actions when observing a friendly fire incident. The crew should-- * Seek cover and protect self. * Report the following on the next higher net: o Engage friendly force. o Location. o Direction of friendly force and distance to victim or firer. o Type of fire. o Target effects. *Provide a visual friendly recognition signal. *Provide assistance as needed when safe. Leader actions. Leader actions focus on identifying and stopping the friendly fire incident and establishing controls to prevent its recurrence. Leaders should-- * Find or stop firing. * Conduct in-stride risk assessment. * Identify or implement controls to prevent recurrence. B-2 Preventative Measures Reduction of fratricide risk begins with the planning phase of an operation. It continues through the execution of the operation. The following are considerations for identifying fratricide risks in the planning, preparation, and execution phases of a given operation. Planning phase. A good plan which is well understood helps to reduce fratricide risk. The following considerations help indicate the potential for fratricide in a given operation: * The clarity of the enemy situation. * The clarity of the friendly situation. * The clarity of the commander's intent. * The complexity of the operation. * The planning time available to all levels. Preparation phase. Additional fratricide risks may become clear during rehearsals. Consider-- * Number and type of rehearsals. * Training and skill levels of unit and individuals. * The habitual relationships between units. * The endurance of the soldiers conducting the operation. Execution phase. During execution, instride risk assessment and reaction are necessary to overcome unforeseen fratricide risk situations. Consider-- * Intervisibility between adjacent units. * Amount of battlefield obscuration. * Ability or inability to positively identify targets. * Equipment similarities or dissimilarities between enemy and friendly vehicles. * Vehicle density on the battlefield. * The tempo of the battle. Risk assessment must be conducted at all levels during the planning, preparation, and execution phases of all operations. Identification of fratricide risk factors is conducted at every level and the results clearly communicated up and down the chain of command. Table B-1 (page B-3) provides a format for considering fratricide risk in the context of mission requirements. It also suggests fratricide reduction measures and has a quick-reference risk assessment chart.
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TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES
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FM 42-414 Page Section V ENVIRONMEN
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FM 42-414 SCOPE vi PREFACE This man
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CHAPTER 1 ALIGNMENT OF QUARTERMASTE
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FM 42-414 The QM FSC, M Organizatio
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FM 42-414 protection for over and u
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FM 42-414 direct support through th
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FM 42-414 QM FPC Services. Troop un
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NOTE: The kitchen and dining facili
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• Tactical satellite communicatio
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• Demand authentication. Do not t
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SITE SELECTION PLANNING CONSIDERATI
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FM 42-414 Appendixes C and D on mis
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FM 42-414 Request camouflage, barri
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FM 42-414 Camouflage Area And Perso
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To defend against: Use these defens
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FM 42-414 •• Supervise your sub
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FM 42-414 • Repair environmental
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FM 42-414 • Plan and conduct trai
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FM 42-414 rear CP. The commanders i
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CHAPTER 2 QUARTERMASTER FIELD SERVI
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FM 42-414 The company headquarters
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FM 42-414 NOTE: See FM 63-1 for mor
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FM 42-414 their capability. His dut
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• Procedures for completing forms
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FIELD KITCHEN SECTION OPERATIONS FM
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FM 42-414 Additional Field Feeding
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FM 42-414 Theater Army. The TA prov
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FM 42-414 • Coordinates with supp
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FM 42-414 Laundry NCO. The laundry
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Page 63 and 64: FM 42-414 **The usage factor is bas
Page 65 and 66: FM 42-414 Layout and Setup of SLCR
Page 67 and 68: FM 42-414 3-14 Figure 3-3. Overview
Page 69 and 70: FM 42-414 3-16 Figure 3-5. Shower e
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Page 73 and 74: FM 42-414 • Consolidate SLCR sect
Page 75 and 76: FM 42-414 COMMUNICATIONS Refer to C
Page 77 and 78: FM 42-414 drainage ditches are loca
Page 79 and 80: FM 42-414 3-26 CAUTION The exhaust
Page 81 and 82: FM 42-414 peak lows. If water has t
Page 83 and 84: FM 42-414 • After operations -- 3
Page 85 and 86: FM 42-414 • During operations --
Page 87 and 88: FM 42-414 • Each soldier brings a
Page 89 and 90: FM 42-414 dismantle the delousing e
Page 91 and 92: FM 42-414 3-38 Figure 3-12. Areas f
Page 93 and 94: FM 42-414 Disposal of Contaminated
Page 95 and 96: FM 42-414 repair service will be ex
Page 97 and 98: FM 42-414 3-44 Figure 3-14. Sample
Page 99 and 100: FM 42-414 3-46 Figure 3-15. Sample
Page 101 and 102: FM 42-414 the items have been recei
Page 103 and 104: FM 42-414 3-50 •• Data to help
Page 105 and 106: FM 42-414 3-52 Repair (Minutes) Sew
Page 107 and 108: FM 42-414 SHOWER INITIATIVES 4-2 Se
Page 109 and 110: FM 42-414 4-4 Table 4-1. Principles
Page 111: FM 42-414 A-3. ENDING A-2 g. Traini
Page 115 and 116: FM 42-414 B-4 Fratricide Reduction
Page 117 and 118: FM 42-414 Table B-2. Format for fra
Page 119 and 120: APPENDIX C MISSION-KILL OPERATIONAL
Page 121 and 122: Chemical FM 42-414 Chemical mission
Page 123 and 124: Uses of Mission-Kill Weapons FM 42-
Page 125 and 126: Operational Disadvantages of Missio
Page 127 and 128: FM 42-414 assist him in gathering i
Page 129 and 130: FM 42-414 Formula II. In Table E-2
Page 131 and 132: FM 42-414 the organic chelating age
Page 133 and 134: FM 42-414 Formula X. In Table E-10
Page 135 and 136: FM 42-414 Formula XII. In Table E-1
Page 137 and 138: FM 42-414 E-10 Table E-13. Laundry
Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX G CLOTHING RESIZING FM 42-
Page 141 and 142: Table G-2. Drawers Length 1/2 Waist
Page 143 and 144: Table G-9. Skirts Finished Measurem
Page 145 and 146: Finished Measurements (in) Sleeve B
Page 147 and 148: FM 42-414 H-2 Table H-2. Commercial
Page 149 and 150: FM 42-414 assured communications Th
Page 151 and 152: FM 42-414 Cryptosecurity The compon
Page 153 and 154: FM 42-414 economy of forces The jud
Page 155 and 156: FM 42-414 HCP health and comfort pa
Page 157 and 158: FM 42-414 military support to civil
Page 159 and 160: FM 42-414 POC point of contact POL
Page 161 and 162: FM 42-414 S1 Personnel Administrati
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FM 42-414 supply discipline Command
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FM 42-414 UGRs unitized group ratio
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FM 42-414 TOE 42446L. Headquarters
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FM 42-414 2886. Laundry List for Mi
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FM 42-414 FM 6-20. Fire Support in
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FM 42-414 FM 25-4. How to Conduct T
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FM 42-414 Medical Bulletin 577. Occ
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FM 42-414 TM 10-8340-211-13. Operat
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FM 42-414 U.S. Airforce Technical O
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FM 42-414 FM 63-20. Forward Support
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FM 42-414 decontamination support,
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FM 42-414 offensive measures, 1-18
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FM 42-414 Index-6 S/L supplements,
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By Order of the Secretary of the Ar
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