PALESTINIAN SOCIETY - Fafo

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Chapter 7 Employment and Under-utilization of Labour Geir 0vensen Labour Activity and Living Conditions The purpose of this chapter is to investigate important aspects of the labour activity of Palestinians residing in the occupied territories. Both the present data and the limited space available have prohibited any exhaustive account of this comprehensive subject. The aim is rather to provide an overview of the situation, and draw attention to some topics which need further investigation. The overall perspective applied is one of living conditions, which should be understood as encompassing both material and non material elements. Labour activity directly and indirectly affects a long range of living condition components. This chapter will, howev er, primarily deal with employment in relation to household economic resources I . Labour activity, normally, is the most important source of house hold income. It is often also more uniformly distributed than other income types. The economic importance of employment is particular ly great in economies withoutextensive social welfare arrangements. When alternative sources of income are scarce, lack of employment represents a serious threat to the material welfare ofhouseholds. In a living conditions perspective, particular attention must thus be given to the nature and manifestations of underemployment2• This chapter is subdivided into two main parts. The first part will discuss the nature and manifestations of certain types of underutilization of labour in the occupied territories. The second part will focus on the employed, and their distribution over area, type and economic branch of work. A separate discussion of female labour activity is also conducted in this section. 181
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Marianne Heiberg and Geir Øvensen
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© Fagbevegelsens senter for forskn
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Chapter 4 Health ..................
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Preface The history of the FAFO liv
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future analyses. We look forward to
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Gaza, colonel Zacharias Backer, gav
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tive effects of economic growth, su
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Demographics: The size and composit
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cally different. For example, Israe
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Interested readers should consult t
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of ten look at their situation in m
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The Fragmentation of Palestinian So
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dunums would be used for subsistenc
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Whole village communities, as well
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planning, the transfer of land acqu
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eginning of 1993. It continues to a
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4 The data in this section is deri
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Chapter 2 Population Characteristic
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British Mandate of Palestine as its
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Table 2.1 Head of household'sfather
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Gaza West Bank centers which remain
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In the present study the Gaza Strip
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egional pyramids can be compared to
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West Bank variations by refugee sta
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Infant and Child Mortality The rest
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ever bom (CEB) and children survivi
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Age Structure The data set represen
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fallirig outside this interval may
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second and the third groups with we
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q(S) durmg the last fIfteen years,
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Concluding Remarks The Brass method
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50 years at the time of the intervi
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in the value for the age group 25-2
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The projections are based on extens
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Mortality u sing F ALCOT 92 results
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Table 2.15 Assumed age structure of
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distribution in three broad age gro
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64. The weakest growth is expected
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Shahin et al. (1989), A Baseline De
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17 Statistical abstract of Israel 1
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Chapter 3 Housing Marianne Heiberg
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ecome underdeveloped due to c1osure
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Table 3.4 Mean squnre meters per ho
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ed households. The survey figures f
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With regard to heating, in Arab Jer
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shift, reflecting increased prosper
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Survey data on fonns of ownership i
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injured, the fewest injuries occurr
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Gaza camps and West Bank camps woul
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All individuals in the sample were
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14 days. The survey included childr
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oth of which are characterized by a
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Variations in Rates and Patterns of
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The rate of acute and chronic illne
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tive of social background. Religios
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in Sweden, and 7.4 in Belgium and 1
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provide family planning assistance.
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given assistance in private cIinics
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up to 44% among those above 60 year
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Protective Factors Stress tolerance
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on the frequencies and distribu- Ta
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high degree of distress increases o
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About I out of 3 respond- Table 4.1
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The second question needs further a
Page 132 and 133: References Feachem RGA. et al. The
Page 134 and 135: education to the world outside laea
Page 136 and 137: in a subsequent chapter which deals
Page 138 and 139: y literacy, but is not the equivale
Page 140 and 141: It is widely believed that UNRWA an
Page 142 and 143: Reversely, for those in the bot- Ta
Page 144 and 145: Religious observance is affected by
Page 146 and 147: life - the family, the neighbourhoo
Page 148 and 149: For men and women there seems to be
Page 150 and 151: The increased propensity, associate
Page 152 and 153: determine whether or not women are
Page 154 and 155: wear Western forms of dress (table
Page 156 and 157: tributes of gen der and age in affe
Page 158 and 159: political institutions recognized b
Page 160 and 161: The lower the level of a household'
Page 162 and 163: In contrast to most developing coun
Page 164 and 165: Religious affiliation was considere
Page 166 and 167: etween household weaIth and Head of
Page 168 and 169: Recent Development of Household Inc
Page 170 and 171: Figure 6.9 shows thatchanges in hou
Page 172 and 173: In Arab Jerusalem, one out of five
Page 174 and 175: income as their only type of in com
Page 176 and 177: survey. Capital income in the occup
Page 178 and 179: e said roughly to be associated wit
Page 180 and 181: As to recentdevelopments in househo
Page 184 and 185: Labour Force Definitions For measur
Page 186 and 187: countries. Casual work, unpaid work
Page 188 and 189: to some extent may be explained by
Page 190 and 191: tive economic acti vities has been
Page 192 and 193: The firsteffect(whichresembles Figu
Page 194 and 195: employment. Invisible underemployme
Page 196 and 197: hold full-time jobs. Figure 7.9 iII
Page 198 and 199: older and weU educated persons than
Page 200 and 201: entry into Israel. 2) Cultural fact
Page 202 and 203: workers having had only one job dro
Page 204 and 205: Figure 7.20 shows that the north- F
Page 206 and 207: tendency to the opposite effect. Mo
Page 208 and 209: occupied territories employed in Is
Page 210 and 211: ) "activities which do not generate
Page 212 and 213: tus, and the relatively high rate o
Page 214 and 215: In conclusion, when engaging in inc
Page 216 and 217: the total economy' s production of
Page 218 and 219: where income appears at the timeof
Page 220 and 221: 48 There is no correlation between
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Page 224 and 225: There is, however, little common ag
Page 226 and 227: occupational prestige categories, o
Page 228 and 229: opposed to the status categorizatio
Page 230 and 231: The distribution is grouped into fo
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of their male counterparts, and may
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access to financial support (e.g. N
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economic trends, invoking il greate
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taken individually, dose to half of
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The Role of the Family Based on the
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etween the two extreme categories o
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can be observed. With the emergence
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etween different social groups with
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ackground characteristics. All coef
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248
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eal views in a formally constructed
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These points are further illustrate
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girls far below the age of puberty
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to each other, but the social messa
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played out in the work plaee, an ar
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efugees, regardless of whether they
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Education also seems to impact on t
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While disparities in religious Tabl
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Political Attitudes Because politic
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Islam might be less, survey results
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the trend toward increasing prefere
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premise is that the individual owes
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women seems not to be affected by a
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occupied territories into advanced
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The single most embittered sector o
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answer" category is higher since ma
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generation, Palestinian society als
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frarne. Within the questionnaire, m
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ideology that refuses to recognize
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divoreed. On the other hand, 7% of
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64 women at ages 43-47. These facto
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Preferred Marriage Age As mentioned
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Here it becomes dear that Table lO.
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to seIl. Because of a low sample si
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differences: the differences in jew
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high numbers of young Table 10.13 C
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within, between and outside of thei
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Another interesting point in Table
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association with the tradition of i
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and, in the West Bank, the strong d
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professional work. In other words,
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312
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would be involved, this was conside
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the various sampling stages Table A
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that this particular feature might
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Multi-household housing units frequ
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Sample Allocation In this section t
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i.e. the sum of sample households o
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Selection of Sample PS Us (1st stag
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Raving thus determined the househol
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4 Arab Jerusalem Sample Design The
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1983 map (other statistical maps ha
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technical character, mathematical f
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By successively inserting the vario
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within the con text of inclusion pr
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Proceeding one step furtherthe stra
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ecomes less uncertain, the assessme
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Non-response is generally the most
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Appendix B Recruitment, Training an
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were approached and the purpose and
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dealing with opinions without subco
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which person was chosen as the rand
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standards. A workable compromise wa
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of the legal ranges were checked bo
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358
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A2.2 Distribution of population by
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A2.4 Age distribution by religion a
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A2.6 Household composition by regio
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A2.8 Household composition m occupi
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A2.10 Percent of households in whic
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A6.2 Household wealth by household
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A6.4 Householdwealth in Gaza and th
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A6.6 Householdweekly meat consumpti
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A6.8 Percent of households eaming l
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A6. JO Head of Household labour inc
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A6. 12 Household income types in Ga
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A6. 14 Distribution ofhousehold inc
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the CBS survey is primarily conceme
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ent both on the definition of "unem
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Table A. 7.3 Labour force participa
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Table A. 7.4 Unemployed persons as
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Table A.7.5 "Discouraged" workers a
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Table A.7.6 (Continued) Full-time a
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Table A. 7.8 Labourforce members by
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Table A. 7. JO Male labour fo rce m
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Table A. 7. 12 Comparative composit
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Table A.7.J3 (Continued) Main emplo
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Table A. 7. 15 Distribution of labo
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Table A.l.Il Main employment of lab
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Table A. 7. 19 Main employment of l
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Table A. 7.20 Main employment of la
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Table A. 7. 22 Comparative composit
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Table A. 7.24 Labourforce members b
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Table A. 7. 26 Labour force members
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Table A. 7.28 Weekly time use for w
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PALESTINIAN SOCIETY in Gaza, West B
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