PALESTINIAN SOCIETY - Fafo

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countries. Casual work, unpaid work, and work rewarded in kind are of ten omitted, even when explicitly considered as "work" in line with survey definitions. Under-reporting of labour activity is usually higher for women than for men, in particular in developing countries. Married women are customarily regarded as "housewives" in Palestinian culture, and their labour activity is normally not considered as "employment"9. Second, socio-cultural factors play a decisive role in shaping labour force participation. In contrast to Western countries, Middle Eastern culture regards labour activity primarily as a household affairlO• There are relatively strong cultural norms goveming the places and types of work that can be considered "acceptable" according to sex, age and social status. The cultural dimension is particularly important when explaining Palestinian women's lack of (formal) labour activity. Third, the political and economic situation obviously influences the extent and character of actual labour force participation. The occupied territories are subject to rather exceptional political and economic eonditions, having been under military rule for 25 years. In a situation eharacterized by legal restrietions, strikes and curfews, the loeal eeonomy, and hence employment opportunities, are by necessity constrained. The integration into the Israeli eeonomy and infrastructure which has taken place during the years of oecupation, has profoundly changed the labour markets of the occupied territories. While new employment opportunities have opened up for eertain Figure 7.2 International comparison of labour fo rce participation ratios Percentage in labour force Total population Population ........ ........ . .•. .. .. . .... .... . . ... . .. 15 years or older "II'\:"'''II .. � ...... � ... �� . ... �� . � . �� : � Male population 15 years or older Female population Percentage of population below 15 years 184 h0A00fI
social strata, other groups have experienced an erosion of employment possibilities. Labour Force Participation - Regional Variations within the Occupied Territoriesll Figure 7.3 (as also figure 7.2) shows labour force participation as percentage of total population, percentage of adults, adult males and adult females for the occupied territories in total and for the three main regions separately. The regional shares of total population below 15 years are also included in the figure. Only one out of every four persons in the occupied territories belongs to the labour force. Figure 7.3 shows, however, that this result disguises substantial regional variations. The proportion of the total population who are labour force members is as much as 50% greater in the West Bank and Arab Jerusalem than in Gaza. As is the case when accounting for dissimilarities in labour activity between the occupied territories and other countries, regional variations in age structure go some way towards explaining this difference. Controlling for the high share of persons younger than 15 years in Gaza, the ratio with which adult labour force participation in the West Bank and Arab Jerusalem exceeds that of Gaza, drops to about 1/3. Figure 7.3 also shows that women in the occupied territories generally have a very low participation ratio compared to men in all three areas. Female labour force participation ratio, further, is particularly low in Gaza. While the generally low labour activity of women Figure 7.3 Regional comparison oflabourforce participation ratios Percentage in labour force Tolal population Population 15 years or older li i ffit ,m� l. Male population � IL L L L L LL LL LL L_L 15 years or older Female population 1lii " 1lii 1lii 1lii 1lii 1lii 1lii III 1lii III 1lii 1lii 1lii .. 1lii 1lii 1lii 1lii 1lii Percentage of population below 15 years �L ::.:.':;.; ..... ;.::::,.,':.:.:.:.::.:::, III 1lii 1lii III 1lii 1lii III 1lii Il Occupied territories r:a Gaza O West Bank � Arab Jerusalem o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage 185
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Marianne Heiberg and Geir Øvensen
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© Fagbevegelsens senter for forskn
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Chapter 4 Health ..................
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Preface The history of the FAFO liv
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future analyses. We look forward to
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Gaza, colonel Zacharias Backer, gav
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tive effects of economic growth, su
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Demographics: The size and composit
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cally different. For example, Israe
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Interested readers should consult t
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of ten look at their situation in m
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The Fragmentation of Palestinian So
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dunums would be used for subsistenc
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Whole village communities, as well
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planning, the transfer of land acqu
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eginning of 1993. It continues to a
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4 The data in this section is deri
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Chapter 2 Population Characteristic
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British Mandate of Palestine as its
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Table 2.1 Head of household'sfather
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Gaza West Bank centers which remain
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In the present study the Gaza Strip
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egional pyramids can be compared to
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West Bank variations by refugee sta
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Infant and Child Mortality The rest
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ever bom (CEB) and children survivi
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Age Structure The data set represen
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fallirig outside this interval may
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second and the third groups with we
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q(S) durmg the last fIfteen years,
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Concluding Remarks The Brass method
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50 years at the time of the intervi
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in the value for the age group 25-2
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The projections are based on extens
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Mortality u sing F ALCOT 92 results
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Table 2.15 Assumed age structure of
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distribution in three broad age gro
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64. The weakest growth is expected
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Shahin et al. (1989), A Baseline De
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17 Statistical abstract of Israel 1
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Chapter 3 Housing Marianne Heiberg
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ecome underdeveloped due to c1osure
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Table 3.4 Mean squnre meters per ho
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ed households. The survey figures f
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With regard to heating, in Arab Jer
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shift, reflecting increased prosper
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Survey data on fonns of ownership i
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injured, the fewest injuries occurr
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Gaza camps and West Bank camps woul
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All individuals in the sample were
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14 days. The survey included childr
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oth of which are characterized by a
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Variations in Rates and Patterns of
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The rate of acute and chronic illne
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tive of social background. Religios
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in Sweden, and 7.4 in Belgium and 1
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provide family planning assistance.
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given assistance in private cIinics
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up to 44% among those above 60 year
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Protective Factors Stress tolerance
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on the frequencies and distribu- Ta
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high degree of distress increases o
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About I out of 3 respond- Table 4.1
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The second question needs further a
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References Feachem RGA. et al. The
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education to the world outside laea
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Page 138 and 139: y literacy, but is not the equivale
Page 140 and 141: It is widely believed that UNRWA an
Page 142 and 143: Reversely, for those in the bot- Ta
Page 144 and 145: Religious observance is affected by
Page 146 and 147: life - the family, the neighbourhoo
Page 148 and 149: For men and women there seems to be
Page 150 and 151: The increased propensity, associate
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Page 160 and 161: The lower the level of a household'
Page 162 and 163: In contrast to most developing coun
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Page 166 and 167: etween household weaIth and Head of
Page 168 and 169: Recent Development of Household Inc
Page 170 and 171: Figure 6.9 shows thatchanges in hou
Page 172 and 173: In Arab Jerusalem, one out of five
Page 174 and 175: income as their only type of in com
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Page 178 and 179: e said roughly to be associated wit
Page 180 and 181: As to recentdevelopments in househo
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Page 184 and 185: Labour Force Definitions For measur
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Page 192 and 193: The firsteffect(whichresembles Figu
Page 194 and 195: employment. Invisible underemployme
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Page 204 and 205: Figure 7.20 shows that the north- F
Page 206 and 207: tendency to the opposite effect. Mo
Page 208 and 209: occupied territories employed in Is
Page 210 and 211: ) "activities which do not generate
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Page 214 and 215: In conclusion, when engaging in inc
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Page 220 and 221: 48 There is no correlation between
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Page 224 and 225: There is, however, little common ag
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Page 230 and 231: The distribution is grouped into fo
Page 232 and 233: of their male counterparts, and may
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economic trends, invoking il greate
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taken individually, dose to half of
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The Role of the Family Based on the
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etween the two extreme categories o
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can be observed. With the emergence
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etween different social groups with
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ackground characteristics. All coef
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248
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eal views in a formally constructed
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These points are further illustrate
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girls far below the age of puberty
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to each other, but the social messa
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played out in the work plaee, an ar
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efugees, regardless of whether they
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Education also seems to impact on t
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While disparities in religious Tabl
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Political Attitudes Because politic
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Islam might be less, survey results
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the trend toward increasing prefere
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premise is that the individual owes
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women seems not to be affected by a
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occupied territories into advanced
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The single most embittered sector o
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answer" category is higher since ma
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generation, Palestinian society als
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frarne. Within the questionnaire, m
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ideology that refuses to recognize
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divoreed. On the other hand, 7% of
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64 women at ages 43-47. These facto
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Preferred Marriage Age As mentioned
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Here it becomes dear that Table lO.
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to seIl. Because of a low sample si
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differences: the differences in jew
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high numbers of young Table 10.13 C
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within, between and outside of thei
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Another interesting point in Table
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association with the tradition of i
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and, in the West Bank, the strong d
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professional work. In other words,
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312
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would be involved, this was conside
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the various sampling stages Table A
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that this particular feature might
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Multi-household housing units frequ
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Sample Allocation In this section t
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i.e. the sum of sample households o
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Selection of Sample PS Us (1st stag
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Raving thus determined the househol
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4 Arab Jerusalem Sample Design The
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1983 map (other statistical maps ha
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technical character, mathematical f
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By successively inserting the vario
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within the con text of inclusion pr
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Proceeding one step furtherthe stra
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ecomes less uncertain, the assessme
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Non-response is generally the most
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Appendix B Recruitment, Training an
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were approached and the purpose and
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dealing with opinions without subco
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which person was chosen as the rand
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standards. A workable compromise wa
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of the legal ranges were checked bo
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358
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A2.2 Distribution of population by
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A2.4 Age distribution by religion a
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A2.6 Household composition by regio
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A2.8 Household composition m occupi
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A2.10 Percent of households in whic
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A6.2 Household wealth by household
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A6.4 Householdwealth in Gaza and th
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A6.6 Householdweekly meat consumpti
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A6.8 Percent of households eaming l
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A6. JO Head of Household labour inc
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A6. 12 Household income types in Ga
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A6. 14 Distribution ofhousehold inc
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the CBS survey is primarily conceme
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ent both on the definition of "unem
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Table A. 7.3 Labour force participa
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Table A. 7.4 Unemployed persons as
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Table A.7.5 "Discouraged" workers a
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Table A.7.6 (Continued) Full-time a
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Table A. 7.8 Labourforce members by
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Table A. 7. JO Male labour fo rce m
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Table A. 7. 12 Comparative composit
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Table A.7.J3 (Continued) Main emplo
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Table A. 7. 15 Distribution of labo
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Table A.l.Il Main employment of lab
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Table A. 7. 19 Main employment of l
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Table A. 7.20 Main employment of la
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Table A. 7. 22 Comparative composit
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Table A. 7.24 Labourforce members b
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Table A. 7. 26 Labour force members
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Table A. 7.28 Weekly time use for w
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PALESTINIAN SOCIETY in Gaza, West B
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PALESTINIAN SOCIETY - Fafo

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