PALESTINIAN SOCIETY - Fafo

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premise is that the individual owes his strongest loyalty to the nation and that his political identity is principally shaped by his nationality. The nationalist doctrine insists that both local loyalties and those that transcend national boundaries should be subordinated to the nationalist imperative. In the Middle East the ethnic nationalist message has never had the precision as it has had in its western home of origins where for at least the last 150 years it has operated to replace empires with states claiming to be nationally based. In the Middle East local and family loyalties have remained strong and, partly because of a shared language and religion which transcend state and even regional borders, the definition of a common identity has had to deal with many contending meanings. The Arabic language reserves the word for nation - umma - for the Arabic and Islamic nation solely. Syrians, Palestinians, Lebanese and so forth refer to themsel ves generically as peoples - sha 'b - rather than nations. Thus the question aimed at mappingthe levels ofultimate loyalty among Palestinians and relating this map to the pattern of political values described previously. The answers reveal that family loyalties, particularly among women, are still an exceedingly vigorous source of identification. Not unexpectedl y perhaps in light ofPalestinian his tory , attachment to the conceptof Arab nationalism which has beena prime mover, especially in the Fertile Crescent, for most of the century and is still ardently advocated by key Arab leaders, is conspicuously weak among Pales- Figure 9.18 For whom would you be willing to make the ultimate sacrifice? Political loyalties by gender lÆllil Women Arab Nation � _ Men Islamic nation • Palestinian people Family 272 i i i i i 60 70 80 90 100 Percent
tinians. The 9% support of Arabism as a prime political preference does not translate into a political constituency for Arab nationalism. Instead, adherence to this allegiance seems to have been replaced, fIrst and foremost, by loyalty to the Palestinian cause. Especially among men, attachmentto emergingforms ofIslamic identity is very notable. The distribution of farnily loyalties and loyalties to Palestine and Islam formen are examined by type oflocality, and presentedin Figure 9.19. The fIgures indicate that local family loyalties remain strongest in Arab Jerusalem and Gaza Town and weakest in the Gaza refugee camps. The low correlation with the Gaza camps may reflect the extent to which wider family units have been splintered and the subsequent penetration of more explicitly politically defIned sentiments, especiaIly Palestinian nationalism. However, again the fIgures show that Islarnic militancy is not particularly associated with Gaza. The fIgure would suggest that such militancy is more developed in the refugee camps of the West Bank. ff these loyalties are examined in relation to age, the picture that emerges confmns trends seen elsewhere in this chapter (Figure 9.20). The young express less attachment than the middle-aged to family bonds and more attachment to bonds thatare ideologically delineated. The increase in identifIcation among young women with Palestinian nationalism is particularly marked. 43% of women in the age group 15 to 19 name the Palestinian people as their ultimate attachment compared to 34% of women in general. Loyalty to Islam among Figure 9. 19 Men 's ultimate loyalties by type of locality West Bank camps West Bank villages West Bank towns Gaza camps Gaza towns/villages Gaza City I O i 10 j 20 i 30 i 40 i 50 i 60 i 70 I 80 I 90 I 100 Percent 273
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Marianne Heiberg and Geir Øvensen
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© Fagbevegelsens senter for forskn
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Chapter 4 Health ..................
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Preface The history of the FAFO liv
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future analyses. We look forward to
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Gaza, colonel Zacharias Backer, gav
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tive effects of economic growth, su
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Demographics: The size and composit
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cally different. For example, Israe
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Interested readers should consult t
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of ten look at their situation in m
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The Fragmentation of Palestinian So
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dunums would be used for subsistenc
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Whole village communities, as well
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planning, the transfer of land acqu
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eginning of 1993. It continues to a
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4 The data in this section is deri
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Chapter 2 Population Characteristic
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British Mandate of Palestine as its
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Table 2.1 Head of household'sfather
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Gaza West Bank centers which remain
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In the present study the Gaza Strip
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egional pyramids can be compared to
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West Bank variations by refugee sta
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Infant and Child Mortality The rest
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ever bom (CEB) and children survivi
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Age Structure The data set represen
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fallirig outside this interval may
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second and the third groups with we
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q(S) durmg the last fIfteen years,
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Concluding Remarks The Brass method
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50 years at the time of the intervi
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in the value for the age group 25-2
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The projections are based on extens
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Mortality u sing F ALCOT 92 results
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Table 2.15 Assumed age structure of
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distribution in three broad age gro
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64. The weakest growth is expected
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Shahin et al. (1989), A Baseline De
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17 Statistical abstract of Israel 1
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Chapter 3 Housing Marianne Heiberg
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ecome underdeveloped due to c1osure
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Table 3.4 Mean squnre meters per ho
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ed households. The survey figures f
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With regard to heating, in Arab Jer
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shift, reflecting increased prosper
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Survey data on fonns of ownership i
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injured, the fewest injuries occurr
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Gaza camps and West Bank camps woul
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All individuals in the sample were
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14 days. The survey included childr
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oth of which are characterized by a
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Variations in Rates and Patterns of
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The rate of acute and chronic illne
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tive of social background. Religios
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in Sweden, and 7.4 in Belgium and 1
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provide family planning assistance.
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given assistance in private cIinics
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up to 44% among those above 60 year
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Protective Factors Stress tolerance
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on the frequencies and distribu- Ta
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high degree of distress increases o
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About I out of 3 respond- Table 4.1
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The second question needs further a
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References Feachem RGA. et al. The
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education to the world outside laea
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in a subsequent chapter which deals
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y literacy, but is not the equivale
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It is widely believed that UNRWA an
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Reversely, for those in the bot- Ta
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Religious observance is affected by
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life - the family, the neighbourhoo
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For men and women there seems to be
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The increased propensity, associate
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determine whether or not women are
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wear Western forms of dress (table
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tributes of gen der and age in affe
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political institutions recognized b
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The lower the level of a household'
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In contrast to most developing coun
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Religious affiliation was considere
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etween household weaIth and Head of
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Recent Development of Household Inc
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Figure 6.9 shows thatchanges in hou
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In Arab Jerusalem, one out of five
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income as their only type of in com
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survey. Capital income in the occup
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e said roughly to be associated wit
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As to recentdevelopments in househo
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180
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Labour Force Definitions For measur
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countries. Casual work, unpaid work
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to some extent may be explained by
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tive economic acti vities has been
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The firsteffect(whichresembles Figu
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employment. Invisible underemployme
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hold full-time jobs. Figure 7.9 iII
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older and weU educated persons than
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entry into Israel. 2) Cultural fact
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workers having had only one job dro
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Figure 7.20 shows that the north- F
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tendency to the opposite effect. Mo
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occupied territories employed in Is
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) "activities which do not generate
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tus, and the relatively high rate o
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In conclusion, when engaging in inc
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the total economy' s production of
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where income appears at the timeof
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48 There is no correlation between
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220
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Page 252 and 253: eal views in a formally constructed
Page 254 and 255: These points are further illustrate
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Page 258 and 259: to each other, but the social messa
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Page 262 and 263: efugees, regardless of whether they
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Page 306 and 307: Another interesting point in Table
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Sample Allocation In this section t
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i.e. the sum of sample households o
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Selection of Sample PS Us (1st stag
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Raving thus determined the househol
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4 Arab Jerusalem Sample Design The
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1983 map (other statistical maps ha
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technical character, mathematical f
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By successively inserting the vario
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within the con text of inclusion pr
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Proceeding one step furtherthe stra
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ecomes less uncertain, the assessme
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Non-response is generally the most
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Appendix B Recruitment, Training an
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were approached and the purpose and
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dealing with opinions without subco
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which person was chosen as the rand
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standards. A workable compromise wa
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of the legal ranges were checked bo
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358
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A2.2 Distribution of population by
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A2.4 Age distribution by religion a
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A2.6 Household composition by regio
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A2.8 Household composition m occupi
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A2.10 Percent of households in whic
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A6.2 Household wealth by household
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A6.4 Householdwealth in Gaza and th
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A6.6 Householdweekly meat consumpti
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A6.8 Percent of households eaming l
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A6. JO Head of Household labour inc
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A6. 12 Household income types in Ga
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A6. 14 Distribution ofhousehold inc
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the CBS survey is primarily conceme
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ent both on the definition of "unem
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Table A. 7.3 Labour force participa
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Table A. 7.4 Unemployed persons as
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Table A.7.5 "Discouraged" workers a
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Table A.7.6 (Continued) Full-time a
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Table A. 7.8 Labourforce members by
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Table A. 7. JO Male labour fo rce m
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Table A. 7. 12 Comparative composit
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Table A.7.J3 (Continued) Main emplo
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Table A. 7. 15 Distribution of labo
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Table A.l.Il Main employment of lab
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Table A. 7. 19 Main employment of l
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Table A. 7.20 Main employment of la
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Table A. 7. 22 Comparative composit
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Table A. 7.24 Labourforce members b
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Table A. 7. 26 Labour force members
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Table A. 7.28 Weekly time use for w
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PALESTINIAN SOCIETY in Gaza, West B
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