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Annexe IV _____________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Most studies in evolutionary ecology assume the existence of fitness variability in natural populations. The estimation of fitness is possible through realistic measures of reproductive and survivorship traits. However, in most vertebrate species, these traits are difficult to assess directly. According to the assumption of a tight relationship between phenotype and fitness, many authors proposed that fitness in natural populations can be assessed by the study of phenotypic traits (Arnold, 1983; Garland & Losos, 1994). In vertebrates, the relationships between locomotor performances, morphology, behavior and fitness have been extensively studied (review in Garland & Carter, 1994; Feder, Bennett & Huey, 2000). In particular, locomotor performance was proposed by Arnold (1983) as an integrating index of selective processes that influence fitness. These performance studies were frequently performed in vertebrates (e.g. Gaillard et al., 2000; Ghalambor, Reznick & Walker, 2004; Thibodeaux & Hancock, 2004) and particularly in sauropsids. For lizards and snakes, the most commonly studied performances include running or swimming speed (snakes: Burger, 1989; Garland, Hankins & Huey, 1990; Huey et al., 1990; Elphick & Shine, 1998; Irschick & Losos, 1998; Elphick & Shine, 1999; lizards: Clobert et al., 2000; Webb, Brown & Shine, 2001). Additionally, for turtles, the righting response, i.e. the return in a prone position after being placed upside down, has also been studied (Janzen, 1993; Rhen & Lang, 1999; Freedberg, Ewert & Nelson, 2001; Steyermark & Spotila, 2001; Du & Ji, 2003; Freedberg et al., 2004). All of these phenotypic traits have been examined in relation with genetic, environmental (e.g. incubation conditions, maternal effect) and ontogenetic factors (Miller, Packard & Packard, 1987; Janzen, 1995; Sorci & Clobert, 1995, 1997; Elphick et al., 1998; Finkler, 1999; Main & Bull, 2000; Webb et al., 2001; Ashmore & Janzen, 2003). 3
Annexe IV _____________________________________________ Within sauropsids, locomotor performances have been shown to be influenced by the hydric and thermal incubation conditions of the eggs (Miller et al., 1987; Burger, 1989; Janzen, Ast & Paukstis, 1995; Shine & Harlow, 1997; Elphick et al., 1999; Freedberg et al., 2001; Du et al., 2003), as well as by sex (Cullum, 1998; Elphick et al., 1999; Webb et al., 2001; Lailvaux, Alexander & Whiting, 2003) and maternal identity (Sorci, Massot & Clobert, 1994; Rhen & Lang, 1995; Sorci et al., 1997; Steyermark et al., 2001; Webb et al., 2001; Warner & Andrews, 2002; Ashmore et al., 2003). Alternately, locomotor performances have been studied to investigate the existence and maintain of TSD (Temperature-dependent Sex Determination) in some sauropsid species. In such species, the growth and the sex of the embryo are influenced by the temperature in the nest (Bull, 1980; Ewert, Jackson & Nelson, 1994). The most widespread hypothesis to explain the adaptative advantage of TSD, proposed by Charnov and Bull (1977), predicts that (i) incubation temperature influences both offspring sex and fitness and (ii) the differential of fitness between males and females varies according to incubation temperature. To test this hypothesis, some authors have thus study the influence of sex and incubation temperature on individual fitness through locomotor performance (Janzen, 1995; Rhen et al., 1995; Demuth, 2001; Webb et al., 2001; Freedberg et al., 2004). In natural conditions, young aquatic turtles are frequently destabilized and find themselves upside down, particularly when running from their terrestrial nest to the closest pond (Burger, 1976). This frequently observed behavior may considerably increase predation exposure or dehydration sensibility of juveniles (Finkler, 1999; Steyermark et al., 2001; Kolbe & Janzen, 2002). The ability to right (i.e. the righting response) may thus be related to juvenile survival, and may be thus a critical fitness component for juvenile turtles. Moreover, this performance trait is easy to measure in experimental conditions, partly because turtles are highly motivated to perform (Burger et al., 1998; Freedberg et al., 2001). Studies of several TSD species of 4
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N° d’ordre : UNIVERSITE PARIS-SU
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Remerciements Je remercie tout d’
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I - La tortue à tempes rouges, un
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II - Les tortues à tempes rouges,
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III - Etudes expérimentales des pr
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TABLE DES ANNEXES A. Supplementary
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