Manuscrit_these_Mathieu _Cladiere_VF - LEESU

Sources, transfert et devenir des alkylphénols et du bisphénol A dans le bassin amont de la Seine (Île-de-France)AbstractThis thesis focuses on occurrence and fate of seven alkylphenols and bisphenol A(BPA) on a basin divided into a heavily urbanized part and a second part which underscoreintense agricultural activities: the Seine River basin (Île-de-France Region). This study wasdivided into four different approaches.The first approach consists in studying the contamination of urban sources. To thisend, the effluents of the five biggest wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of the IDF Region,combined sewer overflows (CSO), urban runoff and total atmospheric fallouts wereconsidered. This study highlight that BPA mainly occurs in wet-weather urban sources (CSOand urban runoff) while WWTP effluents are dominated by the nonylphenoxy acetic acid(NP 1 EC) which is a 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) precursor. The 4-NP was found in all investigatedurban sources at level close to a hundred of nanogram per liter (ng.l -1 ).The second approach focuses on the assessment of contamination of natural matricessuch as receiving surface water and soils at different scales. The first scale is the study of theOrgeval River basin which is representative of basins unpolluted by urban activities, while thesecond scale accounts the entire IDF region including the Parisian Metropolitan area. Thesetwo scales revealed the large spread of 4-NP to all investigated natural matrices within theSeine River basin. At the scale of the IDF Region, the influence of the Parisian MetropolitanArea was demonstrated on NP 1 EC and BPA concentrations within the Seine River.On a third step, the biodegradability of nonylphenolic compounds was investigatedaccording to an innovative approach. The biodegradation rates were determined directlywithin the Seine River according to the ProSe model (Centre de Géoscience, école des MinesParisTech) and specific sampling campaigns performed on the Seine River. Thebiodegradation rates found during this study disclosed high variabilities according tobiological conditions of the Seine River. Actually, after an algal bloom, the biodegradationrates were found between 10 and 35 times higher than those established under commonbiological conditions.At last, the fluxes exported by the Seine River, at annually scale, were compared tothose emitted by all investigated urban sources. At the scale of year 2010, fluxes of 4-NP andBPA emitted by all investigated urban sources are not predominant compared with thoseexported by the Seine River at the outlet of the Parisian Metropolitan Area. This resultconfirms the large spread of 4-NP and BPA at the scale of the entire IDF Region likely due totheir important uses since the 1960’s. This result also raises some questions about the originsof such fluxes found in Seine River and about the contamination of the upstream part.This thesis was performed within the framework of the PIREN-Seine (ProgrammeInterdisciplinaire de Recherche sur l’ENvironnement de la Seine) and OPUR (Observatoiredes Polluants URbains) research programs.6