Impaginato 5.p65 - Universitat Rovira i Virgili

More documents

Recommendations

Info

96 Roslyn M. Frank It wasn’t until after the Council of Trent (1545-1563) that the figure of Christkind or, in its diminutive form, das Christkindel, the Christ child, was introduced. 7 He, too, was supposed to distribute gifts, but on Christmas Day. 8 That practice eventually led St. Nicholas to change the date of his «good luck visits» to December 25 th , while, somewhat ironically, the expression das Christkindel, originally intended to designate little Jesus, evolved into Kris Kringle, one of the Germanic terms for Father Christmas (Rodríguez 1997: 99-103). In the Netherlands, the bishop in question is accompanied, nonetheless, by Black Peter (Zwarte Piet), his faithful servant, whose role included carrying off misbehaving children in his giant sack or a large straw basket, while today Zwarte Piet has been converted into an innocuous helper of a kindly child-loving Sinterklaas (Figure 3). 9 Figure 3. Dag, Sinterklaasje (Hello, Sinterklaas). Source: Vriens (1983). Illustration by Dagmar Stam. 7 For a detailed and eminently erudite discussion of the various and sundry efforts, often frustrated, on the part of the Church to establish the date for celebrations associated with the birth of Christ, cf. Tille (1899: 119-137). Based on Tille’s discussions, it should be noted that in Britain even into the sixth century there was significant confusion concerning whether the third of the three great Christian festivals, the first two being Easter and Pentecost, was Epiphany or Christmas. Indeed, for many centuries competing dates for Christ’s birth were November 17 and March 28 (Tille 1899: 119). 8 Nonetheless, in the United States, as in many other European countries, even into the early nineteenth century, if presents were exchanged at this season it was usually done on New Year’s Eve and they were exchanged between adults rather being given to children. «In the 1840’s there was an increasing emphasis on Christmas Day. This seems to have happened for several
EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF THE PALAEOLITHIC CONTINUITY REFUGIUM THEORY (PCRT) In addition, we find that historically St. Nicholas himself has a semantic counterpart in the Pelznickel, an expression that could easily have been interpreted or justified, albeit erroneously, as either as «Furry Nicholas» or «Nicholas with a Fur Coat». The fierce Pelznickel goes by many other names, for example, in Austria the creature is known as the Krampus while in other parts of Germany two of the most popular names are Hans Trapp and Knecht Ruprecht (Miles [1912] 1976: 218-221, 231-232; Müller and Müller 1999; Rodríguez 1997: 103-104 (Figure 4). 10 Figure 4. St. Nikolaus Eve. Source: Weber-Kellermann (1978: 27). reasons. The press – which now reached a far wider audience with its cheaper production costs and consequently wider circulation – stressed the fact that Christmas Day was the celebration of the birth of Jesus. Birthdays had always been a day for giving presents and it was a natural step to celebrate Jesus’s birth by giving gifts on that day. [...] By the end of the century Christmas Day was firmly fixed – in England at least – as a children’s festival and the day on which presents were given» (Chris 1992: 87-88). Similarly, in the United States, the gift-bringing aspect of the celebration of St. Nicholas’ day (December 6 th ) was eventually reassigned to Christmas Eve. 9 For a particularly cogent analysis of the «bellsnickles» and Christmas mumming as well as the connections between the «bellsnickles», Zwarte Piet and the Caribbean counterparts of this furry figure, cf. Siefker (1997: 7-39), particularly her Chapter 3, «His Clothes Were All Tarnished With Ashes and Soot». Also there is the reproduction of a curious painting with the heading: «The Black Pete figure that accompanied Saint Nicholas on his Christmas expeditions also accompanied women saints on their gift-giving rounds, as shown above. Black Pete’s role was to threaten misbehaving children and rattle his chain» (1997: 11). In short, Siefker suggests that Black Pete was an accepted companion for female saints, not just bishops like St. Nicholas. Unfortunately, no source is provided for the painting. 10 For further discussion of these characters as well as excellent illustrations of them, cf. Weber- Kellermann (1978: 24-42). 97
Page 1:
INSULA Quaderno di cultura sarda Nu
Page 4 and 5:
4 INSULA, Quaderno di cultura sarda
Page 6 and 7:
6 Antonello V. Greco 1.1. La docume
Page 8 and 9:
8 Antonello V. Greco biblica in esa
Page 10 and 11:
10 detta ‘Sa Frissa’, cioè ‘
Page 12 and 13:
12 Antonello V. Greco sponevano il
Page 14 and 15:
14 Antonello V. Greco Le lucerne al
Page 16 and 17:
16 Es coneix l’existència d’aq
Page 18 and 19:
18 i Vallicrosa (1956) la inscripci
Page 20 and 21:
20 ANNEX: LES TRES CARTES Constanti
Page 22 and 23:
22 Constantino Vidal Salmeron
Page 25 and 26:
LE LINGUE IN SARDEGNA ATTRAVERSO GL
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
PER UNA FONETICA STORICA DELLE VARI
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46: PER UNA FONETICA STORICA DELLE VARI
Page 75: PER UNA FONETICA STORICA DELLE VARI
Page 78 and 79: 78 2. Alguns casos de publicitat co
Page 80 and 81: 80 b) Vocalisme Reducció vocàlica
Page 82 and 83: 82 l’italià: contrasta FARRA’
Page 84 and 85: 84 Andreu Bosch i Rodoreda - Amb la
Page 86 and 87: 86 Andreu Bosch i Rodoreda Pinocchi
Page 88 and 89: 88 REFERÈNCIES BIBLIOGRÀFIQUES An
Page 90 and 91: 90 Roslyn M. Frank Originally it wo
Page 92 and 93: 92 Roslyn M. Frank The next morning
Page 94 and 95: 94 Roslyn M. Frank Moreover, in cas
Page 98 and 99: 98 Roslyn M. Frank The Krampus is a
Page 100 and 101: 100 Figure 9. A very large Krampus.
Page 102 and 103: 102 Roslyn M. Frank In the case of
Page 104 and 105: 104 Roslyn M. Frank As the processi
Page 106 and 107: 106 Roslyn M. Frank At the same tim
Page 108 and 109: 108 Roslyn M. Frank Figure 19. Brow
Page 110 and 111: 110 Almost every year from 1931 to
Page 112 and 113: 112 Roslyn M. Frank a flesh and blo
Page 114 and 115: 114 Roslyn M. Frank In summary, in
Page 116 and 117: 116 Germanic-speaking zones we find
Page 118 and 119: 118 Roslyn M. Frank most remarkable
Page 120 and 121: 120 Roslyn M. Frank would come out
Page 122 and 123: 122 mamarro, mamorru, mamurru, mama
Page 124 and 125: 124 Therefore, they should be viewe
Page 126 and 127: 126 Roslyn M. Frank As Satrústegui
Page 128 and 129: 128 Roslyn M. Frank And this one wh
Page 130 and 131: 130 Roslyn M. Frank region spoke la
Page 132 and 133: 132 Roslyn M. Frank Gómez-Legos, O
Page 134 and 135: 134
Page 136 and 137: 136 Quando l’autore ha due nomi:
Page 138 and 139: 138 3. ARCHIVI E BIBLIOTECHE Quando
Page 140 and 141: 140 SERIE «FASCICULARIA» EDIZIONI
Page 142 and 143: 142 Num. 4 (dicembre 2008) Joan ARM
Page 144: 144 Finito di stampare nel mese di
show all

Impaginato 5.p65 - Universitat Rovira i Virgili

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?