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Prismarginer for kjøtt 1989-1999
the meat-industry including distribution, and lastly the retailer. These prices
were mapped for selected products during the period from 1989-1999. We
have thus obtained a pattern of mark-ups in the distribution channel over time.
By using these estimates, we have been able to follow potential changes in
the gross mark-ups over time. This is a straight mapping study and it will not
say anything about the reasons for the changes that we see. However, by
looking at the changes in mark-ups over time, we have made a basis for further
discussions on what has caused the changes we see. The margin estimates
will then be a good basis for further analyses, which are necessary in
order to explain which processes have caused the changes in the price structure.
Changes in the external conditions and structure of the value chain of
meat products
Our estimates on meat products reach from 1989 until 1999. This period was
in many ways a very turbulent time for the foodstuff system. During this period,
significant changes in the external conditions for the production of meat
products took place. One important change in agriculture politics was the
transition from price-supports to direct payments. The changes in milk quotas,
involving, among other things, the introduction of marketable milk quotas and
a decrease in milk production, have also had an effect on the meat segment.
In addition, there have been changes in the external conditions regarding
trade politics. After the latest Uruguay-round, the possibilities of using export
to regulate the domestic market were severely limited, and the introduction of
customs tariff rates have opened up the possibility for more imports in the future.
The largest operator in Norwegian meat production, Norsk Kjøtt, has changed
its organisation structure in order to meet the changes in the external conditions
and the competitive market. For the private meat industry, the period has
been a difficult one financially. The processing links have also gone through
severe changes, not least because of changes further down the chain. The
development of ‘Leiv Vidar’ and the turnover of hot dogs at petrol stations are
good examples. The introduction of ”private labels” in the chain stores has
also been a challenge for the business.
In the 1980s and 90s, retail and wholesale companies in Norway went
through great changes. The establishment of discount shops in the 80s led to
a greater focus on the purchasing terms for the grocery business. The lowprice
chains expanded quickly, and as a response to this, the independent
shops established purchasing collaborations. At the end of the 1990s, four
groupings control 99% of the grocery market.