glasilo st. 2.indd - Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve

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Provinca je padla in bila porušena ob vdoru Hunov v četrtem stoletju, območje Ljubljane pa so v šestem stoletju pričela naseljevati slovanska plemena in ljudstva. Prve pisne omembe Ljubljane, imenovane tedaj slovansko Luwigana in nemško Laibach, najdemo v zapisih iz 11. stoletja. Ime Luwigana verjetno izhaja iz latinskega aluviana kot izraza za poplavljanje. Nov kulturni impulz v njenem nastajanju lahko vidimo okoli 13. stoletja našega štetja, ko se mesto deli v tri jedra: Stari, Mestni in Novi trg, vsa oblikovana okoli mestnega gradu. Vsako jedro ima svoje obzidje, v mesto pa vodi pet vrat. Tedanji Laibach postane središče dežele Kranjske, ki je v posesti Habsburžanov, ima svojo kovnico denarja, meščani in obrtniki pa so razdeljeni v cehe. V 15. stoletju je v mestu ustanovljena škofija in cerkev svetega Nikolaja se preoblikuje v stolnico. Leta 1515 mesto prizadene potres, obnovijo ga v renesančnem slogu in na novo obzidajo. Hkrati je to čas porasta in oblikovanja slovenske kulture in protestantizma ter obdobje, v katerem Primož Trubar leta 1550 izda prvi slovenski knjigi, Katekizem in Abecednik, Jurij Dalmatin pa prevede Biblijo. Konec 16. stoletja je ustanovljena gimnazija, iz katere se nato razvije Academia Operosorum, po vzoru italijanskih učenjakov. Ljubljana se ponovno preoblikuje pod vplivom baroka in pritokom italijanskih umetnikov, kot je na primer Francesco di Robba. Habsburška vladavina je prekinjena v letih 1809 do 1811, ko Ljubljano zasedejo Francozi in postane ena izmed Ilirskih provinc, slovenščina pa postane eden izmed uradnih jezikov. Francoska okupacija ne traja prav dolgo in kmalu je Ljubljana pod vladavino Avstroogrskega cesarstva, a 46 z vse večjo rastjo slovenske kulture, ustanovljena je Slovenska matica, Janez Bleiweis pa začne izdajati Kmetijske in rokodelske novice, prvi časopis v slovenskem jeziku. V drugi polovici 19. stoletja dobi Ljubljana železniško povezavo najprej z Dunajem, nato še s Trstom, ob koncu stoletja pa zazvoni prvi telefon in zasveti prva žarnica. Prav na koncu predzadnjega stoletja Ljubljano ponovo strese potres, in ključno spremeni njeno podobo, izvzemši staro mestno jedro, kjer lahko opazujemo arhitekturo Luwigane pred potresom. Preostala leta mesta pa so zapisana v analih polpretekle zgodovine in naše mlade državnosti. Boštjan Kovačič Grad Ljubljana nosi u sebi i svoji okolini bogatu i šarenu historiju preko više tisuća godina. Mitska prošlost govori o tome kako je grčki heroj Jazon ukrao zlatno runo i zajedno s Argonautima plovio preko Dunava i Save, sve do Ljubljanice. Put ga je vodio preko ljubljanske močvare gdje je živio zmaj, kojeg je Jazon nadvladao i taj mitski događaj ostao je kao slika zmaja u ljubljanskom gradskom grbu. Arheolozi su našli prve početke kulturnog života baš na području močvare iz 3. stoljeća prije naše ere od kada datira i „krunski“ pronalazak iz močvare - do sada najstariji točak nađen u Europi i svijetu. Možda je baš ti ta ‘mladica’ mitskog zlatnog runa koju je Jazon nosio sa sobom. Rođenje naše kulture na svaki način vidi se na području naše močvare u kulturi stanovnika na jezeru oko dvije tisuće godine prije naše ere kojih naselja su građena na poplavljenom jezerskom području na pilotima od Ljubljane pa do današnje Vrhinke. Oko prvog stoljeća prije naše ere na ovom području nađeni so grobovi sa žarama čije etnički izvor nije poznat. Nije isključeno da su rijeku Ljubljanicu upotrebljavali kao neke vr
ste puta prema zagrobnom životu. Kasnije pre nego što možemo govoriti o rimskoj Emoni na ovom području bilo je i drugih kultura: Iliri, Venete i Kelti a Ljubljana je bila prije dolaska Rimljana dio provincije zvane Noricum. Za vrijeme prvog stoljeća prije naše ere nastala je Emona prvo kao vojnički logor (castrum) a kasnije strateški i ekonomski centar rimskog imperija sa razvijenom upravom i centralnim grijanjem sa oko 5 do 6 tisuća stanovnika i dakako božicom Equrnom. Provincija je pala i bila uništena sa strane Huna u četvrtom stoljeću a u šestom počela su dolaziti slavenski narodi. Prve pisne napomene Ljubljane sa tadašnjim slavenskim imenom Luwigana i njemačkim Laibach nađemo u dokumentima iz 11. stoljeća. Ime Luwigana vjerojatno izlazi iz latinskog „alluvium ili alluviana“ što znači izraz za poplave. Novi kulturni impuls pojavi se u 13. stoljeću kad se grad podijeli na trojicu jezgra: stari, gradski i novi trg, sva ispod gradske tvrđave. Svako jezgro ima svoje zidine a u grad vode petorica vrata. Tadašnja Laibach je centra Kranjske i dio Habsburškog imperija, ima svoju kovnicu novaca, građane i obrtnike udružene u cehove. U 15. stoljeću grad osniva biskupiju a crkva svetog Nikole pretvara se u katedralu. Godine 1515 grad strada od potresa i obnovljen je u stilu Renesanse i grade se nove zidine. To je ujedno i vrijeme porasta slovenske kulture i protestantizma u kojem Primož Trubar 1550 godine izdaje prve slovenske štampane knjige, Katekizam i takozvani Abecedarij a Jurij Dalmatin prijevod Biblije. Krajem 16. stoljeća osniva se gimnazija iz koje je nastala akademija „Academia Operosorum“ prema uzoru talijanskih učenjaka. Ljubljana se ponovno pretvara pod utjecajem baroka i dolaskom talijanskih umjetnika kao što na primjer Francesco di Robba. Habsburška kraljevina ukida se od 1809 do 1811 godine kada Ljubljanu okupiraju francuske snage i postaje glavni grad Ilirskih provincija. U to vrijeme slovenski jezik postaje jedan od državnih jezika. Francuska okupacija nije trajala dugo i Ljubljana brzo opet pada pod Austrougarsko carstvo uz stalnu porast slovenske kulture. Osniva se Slovenska matica (literarno društvo) i izdaju se stalne novine – Bleiwesove Novine na slovenskom jeziku. U drugoj polovini 19. stoljeća Ljubljana dobije željezničku prugu do Beča a kasnije do trsta a krajem stoljeća zazvoni prvi telefon te zasija prva žarulja. Baš na kraju tog vijeka Ljubljanu opet uništava zemljotres što će bitno izmijeniti njenu sliku osim starog jezgra gdje još uvijek možemo diviti se staroj arhitekturi Luwigane prije zemljotresa. Preostale godine grada zapisane su u analima polu protekle prošlosti i mlade državnosti naše zemlje. Boštjan Kovačič The town of Ljubljana and its surroundings have a colourful history throughout millennia. The mythical past speaks about the Greek hero Jason who stole the golden fleece and travelled with his Argonauts over the Danube and the Sava all the way to the Ljubljanica river. He crossed the Ljubljana wetlands where allegedly a dragon lived and Jason defeated the beast. This event survived on the city coat of arms containing the dragon and the tower. The archaeology findings show the first beginnings of culture in the surroundings of the wetlands dating back to the 3 rd millennium BC where the “crown” artefact was found – so far the oldest discovered wheel in Europe and the world. This is perhaps the “sprout” of the mythical golden fleece that Jason brought with him. We can observe the birth of culture first in the area of the Ljubljana wetlands with its first inhabitants – lake dwellers some two millennia BC whose dwellings were built on the lake that flooded the entire area from Ljubljana to Vrhnika. In the first millennium BC we can see the new phenomenon, the culture of funeral urns whose ethnical affiliation is unknown. It cannot be ruled out that the Ljubljanica river was used as some kind of path towards the afterlife. Later before we can speak about the Roman settlement Emona there were other cultures: Illyrians, Venets and Celts. Before the arrival of Romans Ljubljana was a part of the province called Noricum. Some time round the first century AD we see the beginnings of Emona, first as a military camp (castrum) of the Roman legions but later it was formed as a strategic and commercial stronghold of the Roman empire with established public administration and central heating system with 5 to 6 thousand inhabitants. The town had of course its goddess Equrna. The entire province fell and was destroyed following the attacks of the Huns in the fourth century AD. In the sixth century AD the Ljubljana area became populated by the Slavic tribes and peoples. The first written mention of Ljubljana then named Luwigana (Slavonic) and later in German as Laibach can be found in the documents of the 11 th century. The name of Luwigana probably arises from the Latin “alluvium” as an expression of flooding. A new cultural initiative can be found in the 13 th century when the city was divided in three nuclei: the old, the town and the new squares all standing at the feet of the town castle. Every nucleus has its own fortification (walls) and there were five gates leading to the city. The Laibach of that time became the centre of the Carniola land under the Habsburg rule with its own mint-master, townsmen and artisans who worked in gilts. In the 15 th century the diocese was established in Ljubljana and Saint Nicholas’ church was remodelled into a cathedral. In 1515 the city suffered from a terrible earthquake and was renewed in a Renaissance fashion with a new city wall. This is also the time of the growth of the Slovene culture under Protestantism and the time when Primož Trubar published the first Slovene printed books in 1550: the Catechism and the Alphabet. Jurij Dalmatin translated the Bible. At the end of the 16 th century the grammar school was established from which later the academy Academia Operosorum was created following the model of Italian scholars. Ljubljana is remodelled again under the influence of the baroque style with the arrival of Italian artists for example the sculptor Francesco Robba. The Habsburg monarchy ended between 1809 and 1811 when Ljubljana was occupied by the French and became the capital of Illyrian Provinces. AT that time the Slovene language became one of its official national languages. The French occupation did not last long and soon Ljubljana was again under the Austro-Hungarian empire but the ever growing Slovene culture gave birth to Slovenska matica (Slovene Literary Society) and the first regular newspaper was published, the Bleiweisove novice (Bleiweis’ News) in Slovene language. In the second half of the 19 th century Ljubljana became connected with Vienna by the railway and later also with Trieste. At the end of this century the first telephone rang and the firs electric bulb shone. At the very end of the 19 th century Ljubljana was shattered again by an earthquake that essentially changed its image except the old quarter where we can still admire the old Luwigana architecture before this disaster. The other years of the history are described in the annals of the recent past and our young state independence. Boštjan Kovačič 47
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