glasilo st. 2.indd - Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve

ste puta prema zagrobnom životu. Kasnije pre nego što možemo
govoriti o rimskoj Emoni na ovom području bilo je i drugih kultura:
Iliri, Venete i Kelti a Ljubljana je bila prije dolaska Rimljana dio
provincije zvane Noricum. Za vrijeme prvog stoljeća prije naše ere
nastala je Emona prvo kao vojnički logor (castrum) a kasnije strateški
i ekonomski centar rimskog imperija sa razvijenom upravom i
centralnim grijanjem sa oko 5 do 6 tisuća stanovnika i dakako božicom
Equrnom. Provincija je pala i bila uništena sa strane Huna
u četvrtom stoljeću a u šestom počela su dolaziti slavenski narodi.
Prve pisne napomene Ljubljane sa tadašnjim slavenskim imenom
Luwigana i njemačkim Laibach nađemo u dokumentima iz 11. stoljeća.
Ime Luwigana vjerojatno izlazi iz latinskog „alluvium ili alluviana“
što znači izraz za poplave. Novi kulturni impuls pojavi se
u 13. stoljeću kad se grad podijeli na trojicu jezgra: stari, gradski
i novi trg, sva ispod gradske tvrđave. Svako jezgro ima svoje zidine
a u grad vode petorica vrata. Tadašnja Laibach je centra Kranjske
i dio Habsburškog imperija, ima svoju kovnicu novaca, građane i
obrtnike udružene u cehove. U 15. stoljeću grad osniva biskupiju
a crkva svetog Nikole pretvara se u katedralu. Godine 1515 grad
strada od potresa i obnovljen je u stilu Renesanse i grade se nove
zidine. To je ujedno i vrijeme porasta slovenske kulture i protestantizma
u kojem Primož Trubar 1550 godine izdaje prve slovenske
štampane knjige, Katekizam i takozvani Abecedarij a Jurij Dalmatin
prijevod Biblije. Krajem 16. stoljeća osniva se gimnazija iz
koje je nastala akademija „Academia Operosorum“ prema uzoru
talijanskih učenjaka. Ljubljana se ponovno pretvara pod utjecajem
baroka i dolaskom talijanskih umjetnika kao što na primjer
Francesco di Robba. Habsburška kraljevina ukida se od 1809 do
1811 godine kada Ljubljanu okupiraju francuske snage i postaje
glavni grad Ilirskih provincija. U to vrijeme slovenski jezik postaje
jedan od državnih jezika. Francuska okupacija nije trajala dugo i
Ljubljana brzo opet pada pod Austrougarsko carstvo uz stalnu porast
slovenske kulture. Osniva se Slovenska matica (literarno društvo)
i izdaju se stalne novine – Bleiwesove Novine na slovenskom
jeziku. U drugoj polovini 19. stoljeća Ljubljana dobije željezničku
prugu do Beča a kasnije do trsta a krajem stoljeća zazvoni prvi telefon
te zasija prva žarulja. Baš na kraju tog vijeka Ljubljanu opet
uništava zemljotres što će bitno izmijeniti njenu sliku osim starog
jezgra gdje još uvijek možemo diviti se staroj arhitekturi Luwigane
prije zemljotresa. Preostale godine grada zapisane su u analima
polu protekle prošlosti i mlade državnosti naše zemlje.
Boštjan Kovačič
The town of Ljubljana and its surroundings have a colourful history
throughout millennia. The mythical past speaks about the
Greek hero Jason who stole the golden fleece and travelled with
his Argonauts over the Danube and the Sava all the way to the
Ljubljanica river. He crossed the Ljubljana wetlands where allegedly
a dragon lived and Jason defeated the beast. This event
survived on the city coat of arms containing the dragon and the
tower. The archaeology findings show the first beginnings of
culture in the surroundings of the wetlands dating back to the
3 rd millennium BC where the “crown” artefact was found – so far
the oldest discovered wheel in Europe and the world. This is
perhaps the “sprout” of the mythical golden fleece that Jason
brought with him. We can observe the birth of culture first in the
area of the Ljubljana wetlands with its first inhabitants – lake
dwellers some two millennia BC whose dwellings were built on
the lake that flooded the entire area from Ljubljana to Vrhnika.
In the first millennium BC we can see the new phenomenon, the
culture of funeral urns whose ethnical affiliation is unknown. It
cannot be ruled out that the Ljubljanica river was used as some
kind of path towards the afterlife. Later before we can speak
about the Roman settlement Emona there were other cultures:
Illyrians, Venets and Celts. Before the arrival of Romans Ljubljana
was a part of the province called Noricum. Some time
round the first century AD we see the beginnings of Emona, first
as a military camp (castrum) of the Roman legions but later it
was formed as a strategic and commercial stronghold of the Roman
empire with established public administration and central
heating system with 5 to 6 thousand inhabitants. The town
had of course its goddess Equrna. The entire province fell and
was destroyed following the attacks of the Huns in the fourth
century AD. In the sixth century AD the Ljubljana area became
populated by the Slavic tribes and peoples. The first written
mention of Ljubljana then named Luwigana (Slavonic) and later
in German as Laibach can be found in the documents of the 11 th
century. The name of Luwigana probably arises from the Latin
“alluvium” as an expression of flooding. A new cultural initiative
can be found in the 13 th century when the city was divided
in three nuclei: the old, the town and the new squares all standing
at the feet of the town castle. Every nucleus has its own fortification
(walls) and there were five gates leading to the city.
The Laibach of that time became the centre of the Carniola land
under the Habsburg rule with its own mint-master, townsmen
and artisans who worked in gilts. In the 15 th century the diocese
was established in Ljubljana and Saint Nicholas’ church was
remodelled into a cathedral. In 1515 the city suffered from a
terrible earthquake and was renewed in a Renaissance fashion
with a new city wall. This is also the time of the growth of the
Slovene culture under Protestantism and the time when Primož
Trubar published the first Slovene printed books in 1550: the
Catechism and the Alphabet. Jurij Dalmatin translated the
Bible. At the end of the 16 th century the grammar school was
established from which later the academy Academia Operosorum
was created following the model of Italian scholars. Ljubljana
is remodelled again under the influence of the baroque
style with the arrival of Italian artists for example the sculptor
Francesco Robba. The Habsburg monarchy ended between
1809 and 1811 when Ljubljana was occupied by the French and
became the capital of Illyrian Provinces. AT that time the Slovene
language became one of its official national languages.
The French occupation did not last long and soon Ljubljana was
again under the Austro-Hungarian empire but the ever growing
Slovene culture gave birth to Slovenska matica (Slovene Literary
Society) and the first regular newspaper was published, the
Bleiweisove novice (Bleiweis’ News) in Slovene language. In
the second half of the 19 th century Ljubljana became connected
with Vienna by the railway and later also with Trieste. At the
end of this century the first telephone rang and the firs electric
bulb shone. At the very end of the 19 th century Ljubljana was
shattered again by an earthquake that essentially changed its
image except the old quarter where we can still admire the old
Luwigana architecture before this disaster. The other years of
the history are described in the annals of the recent past and
our young state independence.
Boštjan Kovačič
47