УК гд а Уж × в
УК гд а Уж × в
УК гд а Уж × в
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
ÔØÖºÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÑÝÓÒËÔØÖ<br />
ÏÛÐÐÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÐÓÓØØÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖ<strong>×</strong>˜GNÓÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÒÒØÓØÑÓÙÐÖÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong><br />
(Z)¸ÖÖÐØ<strong>×</strong>ÒÕº´ºµ¸ÙØÖÒغ<br />
ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙØÒØÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖÖÓÑØÑÓÙÐÖÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÐÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÑÐÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><br />
Z NÓÖÓиØÑÓÙÐÖÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>˜Φk (Z)ÒΦ k<br />
(Z)ºÌÑØÓÓÖ<br />
(Z)¸ÓÖÓÒ ÒÖØÒØÒÖÝÓ1 4¹ÈË<strong>×</strong>ØØ<strong>×</strong>¸ººØÑÓÙÐÖÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>˜Φk ØÓØÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖ<strong>×</strong>G NÐÓÛº<br />
NÖÐØØÓØÑÓÙÐÖÓÖÑ<strong>×</strong>Φ k<br />
<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖØ<strong>×</strong>ÓΦ 10 (Z)ºÏÛÐÐÒÓÛ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓØÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖ˜GN<br />
ÓÐÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÖÚØØØ<strong>×</strong>ØÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖÓÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÒÒØÓØÑÓÙÐÖÓÖÑ ºº½ ÌÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖ˜G2Û<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÙØÝÖØ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓÒÆÙÐÒ¸ÒÒ¹<br />
ÒG ÌÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖ˜G2<br />
ÖØÖºÌÃÅÄ<strong>×</strong>ÙÔÖÐÖ˜G2<strong>×</strong>ÚÒÝØÖØÒÑØÖÜ<br />
(Z)<strong>×</strong>Ð<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÚÐ2ÑÓÙÐÖÓÖÑÛØ<br />
(Z)ÒÖØÒØÒÖ<strong>×</strong><br />
˜∆ 3 (Z)℄Û<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ÕÙÖÖÓÓØÓØÑÓÙÐÖÓÖјΦ6 ÓØ1 4¹ÈË<strong>×</strong>ØØ<strong>×</strong>ÒØZ 2ÓÖÓÐØÓÖݺ˜∆3<br />
´º½µ<br />
<strong>×</strong>ÓÖ¸ØÖØÒÑØÖÜ<strong>×</strong>ÝÔÖÓÐÛØÓÒÒØÚÒÚÐÙÒÖÒØÖºÁØ ÑØÖ<strong>×</strong> 1¸ÖÚÒÝØÓÐÐÓÛÒ<br />
´º¾¼µ<br />
<strong>×</strong>ÓÙÖÖÓÓØ<strong>×</strong>Û¸ÒØÓÒÚÒØÓÒÒØÖÓÙÓÚÓÖG ÓØ̹ÙÐØÝÒÚÖÒØ<strong>×</strong>¸ÙØÓØÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒÓØØÛ<strong>×</strong>Ø<strong>×</strong>ØØ<strong>×</strong>¸ÒÓØÐÐØ<strong>×</strong>ÔÐØ<strong>×</strong>ÓØ Ì<strong>×</strong>ÒÙÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÐÐÓÛ<strong>×</strong>ÏÒÓÒØ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÖÓÐÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓØÕÙÒØÞØÓÒ<br />
δ .<br />
1 ≡<br />
⎛<br />
⎞<br />
2 −2 −6 −2<br />
A 2,II ≡<br />
−2 2 −2 −6<br />
⎜<br />
⎝−6 −2 2 −2<br />
⎟<br />
⎠ .<br />
−2 −6 −2 2<br />
Ö<strong>×</strong>Ò´¾ºµÖÐÐÓÛºÁÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÖØÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÐØÓØÓÒÖÙÒ<strong>×</strong>ÙÖÓÙÔ<br />
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )<br />
0 −1 2 1 2 3 0 1<br />
, δ 2 ≡ , δ 3 ≡ , δ 4 ≡<br />
−1 0 1 0 3 4 1 4<br />
{ ( )<br />
a b<br />
Γ 0 (N) =<br />
c d<br />
| ad − bc = ±1, c = 0 mod N<br />
}<br />
/{±1} . ´º¾½µ<br />
½<br />
ÓPGL(2, Z)