УК гд а Уж × в
УК гд а Уж × в
УК гд а Уж × в
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ÌÝÔÁÁÓÒ ÔØÖ¾ºÓÙÒØÒÝÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒËØÖÒÌÓÖÝ<br />
<strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ¿ ÙÐÌÝÔÁÁÓÒ Ë<br />
1ÌÙÐÞ 1ÌÝÔÁÁÓÒ <strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ½ ÙÐØÝÌÝÔÁÁÓÒ <strong>×</strong>ØÖ¹<strong>×</strong>ØÖ<br />
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¾´<strong>×</strong>ÝÑÑØÖÓÖÓÐÓØØÝÔÁÁ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒµÛÐÑÖÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÔÓÙÒØÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÖÓÙØÒ <strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ¿º<br />
1ºÌÕÙÒØÞØÓÒÓÖ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÔÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ<br />
T 4 <strong>×</strong>S 1 <strong>×</strong> ˜S 1<br />
˜S eS 1ØÓb ÓÐØÖZ N¹ÓÖÓÐÒÓT 2¹ÈË<strong>×</strong>ØØ<strong>×</strong>ÚÒÒØÀÄÑÓÐ<br />
4 <strong>×</strong> S<br />
¾ºº½ HÒÒØÛØØÐØÓÒÒ<strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ¾º ´¾º¾¾µµºËÑÐÖÐݸØÑ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÙÐÓÖ1 4¹ÈËÒ1 Ð<strong>×</strong>ÓÓÐÖÛØS N¹ØÓÒÖÓÑØÆË5¹ÖÒ<br />
4´<strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ¾µºÌÙÐØÝÔÁÁ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÐØÓÒ<br />
4ºÏÖÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØÒØ<strong>×</strong>ØÙØÓÒÛÖØ<strong>×</strong><br />
4´<strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ½µ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÓ<br />
Z<br />
ÍÒÖ<strong>×</strong>ܹÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒ¹<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒÙÐØݸØÝÔÁÁ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒÓÒT NÓÖÓÐØÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÑÒØÓÒÓÚº ØÝÔÁÁ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒÓÒØ̹ÙÐØÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>̂T ÓØÒÝÛÖÔÔÒØÆË5¹ÖÒÓÒT <strong>×</strong>ÓÑÔØØÓÓÙÖ¹ÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖ<strong>×</strong>Z NØÓÒÒØÚ1+1¹ÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÐÛÓÖÐÚÓÐÙÑØÓÖÝÓØÆË5¹ÖÒ 3µÒØÙÐ 5ÓÖÓÐ<strong>×</strong> ÎÒËÒÚÓØÒØÓÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÔÓÒÒÓÖÓÐØÓÒ´ÓÖN<br />
<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ¹ÖÒÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÝÑÑØÖØÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖ´ÛØ<strong>×</strong>йÙÐÐ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒصÒØÓ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÖÒ ÌÐ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÛÓÖÐÚÓÐÙÑØÓÖÝÓ<strong>×</strong>ÒÐÆË5¹ÖÒÓÒ<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ØÓÚ<strong>×</strong>ÐÖ<strong>×</strong>¸<br />
4´<strong>×</strong>¸℄ÓÖÖÐØ<strong>×</strong>Ù<strong>×</strong><strong>×</strong>ÓÒµº<br />
= 2,<br />
<strong>×</strong>ÖÔØÓÒ℄ºÏÛÐÐÓØÒØÖÖ<strong>×</strong>ÙÐØÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÒÖÐÞØÓÒÓÖØN = 4, Ý<strong>×</strong>ØÙÝÒØZ ÓÒT ÖÒ¹ËÛÖÞ<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒÒØÐعÓÒÙ¸℄º<br />
1¹ÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÐØÓÖݺÍ<strong>×</strong>Ò<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒ¹<strong>×</strong>ØÖÒÙÐØݸØ<strong>×</strong>ØÓÖÝÛÐÐØØÓØÝÔÁÁ<br />
4ØÓÓØÒØÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÒØÚ ÓÙÖÖÐÖÑÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ºÌ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÓÑÔÓÒÒØ<strong>×</strong>Ó<strong>×</strong>ÒÐ(2, 0)ØÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÑÙÐØÔÐØÒ5 +<br />
ÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ºÏÒÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÐÐÝÖÙØÐ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒT<br />
ØÖÒ<strong>×</strong>ÚÖ<strong>×</strong>ÖØÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ØÓØÆË5¹ÖÒº<br />
4ÒØʹ<strong>×</strong>ÝÑÑØÖÝÒØÒØÓÖÓØØÓÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÙØØÓÙÖ<br />
1 +<br />
ÄØÙ<strong>×</strong>ÓÖÒÞØÐ<strong>×</strong>ÒØÖÑ<strong>×</strong>ÓSO(4) <strong>×</strong>SO(4) RÛÖØÖ<strong>×</strong>ØSO(4)<br />
SU(2)<br />
¾ºÌØ<strong>×</strong>ÐÖÒØØÛÓ¹ÓÖÑÒØ<strong>×</strong>ÝÑÑØÖÙÐÒÓÑÒÒ ÓÒÑÒ<strong>×</strong>ÓÒÐÖÙØÓÒÓÒØÓÙÖ¹ØÓÖÙ<strong>×</strong>º<br />
R<strong>×</strong>ÖÓÑØT )ºÌ<strong>×</strong>ÓÑÓÙÖÒÓÒ¹ÖÐ<strong>×</strong>ÐÖ<strong>×</strong> ½ºÓÙÖ<strong>×</strong>ÐÖ<strong>×</strong>¸x m¸ÖÒØÖÔÖ<strong>×</strong>ÒØØÓÒ(1, 4 v<br />
R<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ¹ ¿¼ ÛÖØØÒ<strong>×</strong>Y αβÒY ˙α ˙βÛÖα<strong>×</strong>SU(2) L<strong>×</strong>ÔÒ¹ÐÒÜÒ˙β<strong>×</strong>SU(2)<br />
−−−→<br />
T 4 <strong>×</strong>S 1 <strong>×</strong><br />
S<br />
−−−−−→<br />
T 4 <strong>×</strong>S 1 <strong>×</strong>Ŝ1<br />
−−−→<br />
̂T 4 <strong>×</strong>S 1 <strong>×</strong>Ŝ1<br />
= SU(2) L <strong>×</strong>
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