4th EucheMs chemistry congress

Poster Session 2
s1178
chem. Listy 106, s257–s1425 (2012)
Poster session 2 - Energy and Carbon Dioxide
P - 0 6 3 2
extrACtion of LiPidS froM ALGAe with
SwitChABLe SoLventS
C. SAMori 1 , r. wet 2 , w. BriLMAn 2 , P. GALLetti 1 ,
d. LoPez BArreiro 3 , L. PezzoLeSi 1 , G. SAMori 1 ,
e. tAGLiAvini 1
1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale (CIRI),
University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
2 Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of
Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The
Netherlands
3 Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Ghent,
Belgium
Microalgae represent a very promising source of third
generation biofuels. Benefits rising from the utilisation of aquatic
over terrestrial biomasses are varied, however lipid extraction is
currently a critical step in the industrial development of these
biofuels. Here we propose a new green procedure based on
switchable-polarity solvents (SPS) for the extraction of algal lipids
from both dried samples and concentrated cultures. SPS are capable
to turn from a non-ionic form, suitable for lipid extraction, to an
ionic liquid, suitable for a recovery step, by simply bubbling CO , 2
and to be reconverted in the non-ionic form by bubbling N or by 2
heating [1] . We present the results obtained with different classes of
SPS: i) one based on 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU)
and alcohols (ROH), switchable in alkylcarbonate
salts; ii) the second based on alkyl amines
(as N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, DMCHA) and water,
switchable in hydrogencarbonate salts.
The SPS were tested for the extraction of lipids from freezedried
samples and directly from aqueous growth medium of
several microalgae, as Botryococcus braunii, rich in unsaturated
hydrocarbons [2] , and other freshwater and marine species
(e.g. Chlorella sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp.)
and compared with the efficiency of traditional organic solvents
(e.g. n-hexane and chloroform/methanol mixture).
The use of a green technology suitable for extracting lipids
from both dried microalgal biomass and directly from aqueous
growth medium is an important issue considering that the harvest
and the dewatering of algal biomass have a large impact on overall
costs and energy balance. Besides the efficiency in lipid
extraction, SPS have the great advantage to be recyclable
non-volatile/non-inflammable systems, therefore suitable for
non-hazardous small plants for biofuel production located nearby
algal cultivation sites.
references:
1. Jessop, P. et al., 2005. Nature, 436, 1102
2. Samori C. et al., 2010. Bioresource Technology, 101, 3274.
Keywords: algae; switchable solvents; biofuels;
4 th EucheMs chemistry congress
P - 0 6 3 3
CoMPAriSon of CheMiCAL AvAiLABiLity,
PoLLutAnt And Co eMiSSionS froM
2
hydroGen, ethAnoL And nAturAL GAS AS
enGine fueLS
J. r. Sodre 1 , r. Brito 1 , G. LuBen 1 , L. ALMeidA 2 ,
S. LuiS CArLoS 2
1 Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
2 FIAT Automobiles SA, Powertrain Technologies, Betim, Brazil
The chemical availability of green fuels hydrogen and
ethanol has been calculated and compared with common engine
fossil fuels gasoline and natural gas. Other parameters evaluated
were the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide
(NO) and carbon dioxide (CO ) as combustion products. The
2
analysis has been carried out through an engine cycle simulation
model developed using Engineering Equation Solver software.
The results show that hydrogen present superior exergetic
efficiency in comparison with gasoline and natural gas. Ethanol
produced lower exergetic efficiency than the fossil fuels. CO and
CO concentrations are significantly reduced with the use of the
2
green fuels, while NO concentration showed less accentuated
reduction.
Keywords: Hydrogen; Biomass; Energy Conversion;
Renewable Resources; Thermochemistry;
AUGUst 26–30, 2012, PrAGUE, cZEcH rEPUbLIc