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Drug Targeting Organ-Specific Strategies

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XX Contents<br />

6 A Practical Approach in the Design of Colon-specific <strong>Drug</strong> Delivery<br />

Systems<br />

Claudia S. Leopold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />

6.2 Physiological Characteristics of the Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157<br />

6.3 Pathological Processes in the Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159<br />

6.4 Approaches to Colon-specific <strong>Drug</strong> Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160<br />

6.4.1 pH-Controlled <strong>Drug</strong> Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161<br />

6.4.2 Enzyme-controlled <strong>Drug</strong> Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163<br />

6.4.3 Time-controlled <strong>Drug</strong> Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166<br />

6.4.4 Pressure-controlled <strong>Drug</strong> Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167<br />

6.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168<br />

7 Vascular Endothelium in Inflamed Tissue as a Target for Site Selective<br />

Delivery of <strong>Drug</strong>s<br />

Maaike Everts, Astrid J. Schraa, Lou F. M. H. de Leij, Dirk K. F. Meijer,<br />

Grietje Molema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />

7.2 Regulation of Immune Responses in (Chronic) Inflammation . . . . . . . . . 171<br />

7.2.1 Induction of an Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />

7.2.2 The Resolution of Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />

7.3 Chronic Inflammatory Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />

7.3.1 Pathophysiology of Chronic Inflammatory Disorders . . . . . . . . . 173<br />

7.3.1.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173<br />

7.3.1.2 Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174<br />

7.3.1.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174<br />

7.3.1.4 Other Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175<br />

7.3.2 Angiogenesis in Chronic Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175<br />

7.3.3 Activation Pathways of Endothelial Cells in Chronic Inflammation . 177<br />

7.4 <strong>Targeting</strong> <strong>Drug</strong>s to the Endothelial Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179<br />

7.4.1 Target Epitopes on Inflammatory Endothelium . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />

7.4.2 <strong>Targeting</strong> Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />

7.4.2.1 Monoclonal Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180<br />

7.4.2.2 Peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181<br />

7.4.2.3 Oligosaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />

7.4.3 <strong>Drug</strong>s Inhibiting Endothelial Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />

7.4.3.1 Inhibitors of NFκB and Other Intracellular Signalling<br />

Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182<br />

7.4.3.2 Glucocorticoids, NSAIDs and Others . . . . . . . . . . . . 183<br />

7.4.3.3 Antisense Oligonucleotides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185<br />

7.4.3.4 <strong>Drug</strong>s that Inhibit Angiogenesis-associated Events . . . . . 186

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