CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES - Omega Research Foundation

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195. Eg the Armortek water cannon operates at 175 psi, http://armortek.com/prod04.htm, the riot control water cannon from Bulldog Direct Protective Systems Inc operates at 250 psi http://www.bulldogdirect.com/armored-wc.html, and the Ifex 3012 water gun operates at a pressure of 360 psi, IFEX 3000 brochure, PMC Supplies, UK. 196. BSSRS (1985) TechnoCop - New Police Technologies. Free Association Books, UK. 197. Rocke, L. (1983) Injuries caused by plastic bullets compared with those caused by rubber bullets. The Lancet. 23 rd April. 198. Police and Security News May 1998, p39. 199. Ibid. Historical data collected from the National Tactical Officers Association in the USA. 200. Reich, K. (1994) L.A police deploy )Less lethal( weapons. Los Angeles Times 31 st May. 201. Bell, D. (1999) The Use of rubber and plastic bullets in Northern Ireland. M.A. Thesis. University of Ulster, Magee College, Ireland. 202. Bell, D. (1999) Ibid. 203. Shaw, J. (1972) Pulmonary contusion in children due to rubber bullet injuries. British Medical Journal. 4. 764-766. 204. Millar, R., Rutherford, W. H., Johnstone, S. and Malhotra, V.J. (1975) Injuries caused by rubber bullets: a report on 90 patients. British Journal of Surgery. Vol. 62. 480-486. 205. Ritchie, A. J., Gibbons, J.R.P. (1990) Life threatening injuries to the chest caused by plastic bullets. British Medical Journal. Vol 301. 1027. 206. Rocke, L. (1983) Injuries caused by plastic bullets compared with those caused by rubber bullets. The Lancet. 23 rd April. 207. Redgrave, P.(1982) Plastic Bullets: The medical facts. World Medicine. 5th February, p52-54. 208. Irish News, 11 march 1998. 209. McMenamin, E. (1999) Submissions / general observations of Eamann McMenamin, Solicitor of Madden and Finucane, 88 Castle street, Belfast Re; the use of plastic bullets during the Drumcree disturbances of July 1996 and July 1997, Submission to the Independent Commission on Policing in Northern Ireland. July 1999. )No contemporaneous records are kept as and when the individual plastic bullet rounds are fired and it is respectfully believed these statements are just lxxxiv
a concoction for the purposes of giving lip service to the statutory obligations. Her Majestys Inspector of Constabulary inspected the RUCs use of plastic bullets and reported in his annual report in 1996 that record keeping was inadequate. In his report the following year he declares himself )quite at a loss to understand why (a better reporting system) was not actioned before this years marching season, when so much useful information could have been acquired). Her Majestys Inspector of Constabulary, UK, Annual Reports 1996 and 1997 210. New Statesman (1984). )Many of the injured refused medical treatment for fear of being arrested(. 17 th August. p4. 211. Hiss, J., Hellman, F.N. and Kahana, T. (1997) Rubber and plastic ammunition lethal Injuries: the Israeli Experience. Med.Sci.Law. Vol 37. No 2. p139. 212. Yellin, A., Golan, M., Klein, E., Avigad, I., Rosenman, J., Lieberman, Y. (1992) Penetrating thoracic wounds caused by plastic bullets. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 103. 381-385. 213. Jaouni, Z.M., OShea, J.G. (1997) Surgical management of ophthalmic trauma due to the Palestinian Intifada. Eye. 11. 392-397. 214. Missliwetz, J., Wieser, I. and Denk, W. (1991) Medical and technical aspects of weapon effects. Beitr. Gerichtl. Med. 49..361-6. The report compared the plastic ROTA training ammunition to standard 5.56mm ammunition. It stated that the ammunition has the advantage of being less dangerous over long distances (500m ) but concluded that at short range the ammunition has a )reasonable capacity of incapacitation. 215. BTselem (1998) Death Foretold - Firing of )rubber( bullets to disperse demonstrations in the Occupied Territories. Israel. 216. Cohen, M.A. (1985) Plastic Bullet Injuries to the Face and Jaws. South African Medical Journal. 68. 849-852. 217. South (1988) The science of Suppression. November, p71. 218. Missliwetz, J. and Lindermann, A. (1991) Gunshot Wounds Caused by Fiocchi Anticrime Cartridges (Plastic Bullets). American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 12(3). 209-212. 219. Chute, D.J. and Smialek, J.E. (1998) Injury patterns in a plastic (AR-1) baton fatality. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 19(3). 226- 229. 220. Daily Telegraph 18 th May 1997 Police could test spiderman gun. 221. Law Enforcement News XXIII November 30 th 1997, No.478. lxxxv
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CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (An appr
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)Crowd Control Technologies : An As
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)Crowd Control Technologies - An As
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It is recommended that new limits s
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Diversity Project), is already open
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guarantees are forthcoming both fro
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No 1. 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1
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No 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.
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An Assessment Of Crowd Control Tech
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[15] Any European wide adoption of
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NEW BIO-WEAPONS FOR CROWD CONTROL [
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than war in Bosnia, Somalia and Kos
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Most of these crowd control weapons
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CR was first synthesized by Higginb
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and some speciality ones. These inc
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Some Examples of Currently Availabl
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3.2 The International Committee Of
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coercion to a greater number of peo
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Fig 5. Severe blistering following
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currently available is not sufficie
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4.1.4 Hazards Of Pyrotechnic & Blas
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on particular parts of the human bo
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Fig 6. Modern Israeli pulsed jet Wa
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Severe skull damage caused by Kinet
Page 50 and 51: The report also stated that )these
Page 52 and 53: cultures. This process is perhaps m
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 9. Police officer targets WTO
Page 56 and 57: Electro-shock weapons have been del
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Page 60 and 61: xliv
Page 62 and 63: + )Neither the existence, the prese
Page 64 and 65: Some Examples of 2 nd Generation No
Page 66 and 67: 6.3.1 Calmatives The human brain ha
Page 68 and 69: By 1994 this work was well on its w
Page 70 and 71: Therefore it does not come as a sur
Page 72 and 73: the bottle, there is still time for
Page 74 and 75: used CS gas to literally fumigate a
Page 76 and 77: poor records of human rights violat
Page 78 and 79: water cannon were identified as Mer
Page 80 and 81: Chemical Name and Formula Munition
Page 82 and 83: NOTES & REFERENCES 1. See Action pl
Page 84 and 85: Avnon and Beit Alfa (Israel), Custo
Page 86 and 87: Company Brochure, April 1996. 43. L
Page 88 and 89: 67. In the SIPRI Yearbook 1998, pag
Page 90 and 91: 82. Chung, C.W., Giles, A.L. (1972)
Page 92 and 93: 105. McNamara, B.P., Rennie, R.A.,
Page 94 and 95: 130. For example one study using a
Page 96 and 97: The Police Authority of Northern Ir
Page 98 and 99: 173. Statewatch Bulletin (1996). Br
Page 102 and 103: 222. http://www.zarc.com/english/ne
Page 104 and 105: 241. OBrien, D. (1991). Op. cit. 24
Page 106 and 107: 260. The isopropyl alcohol used in
Page 108 and 109: 276. Numerous reports from Northern
Page 110 and 111: 285. For example, )using tear gas,
Page 112 and 113: 300. Human Rights Watch (1997) Turk
Page 114 and 115: 312. Aftergood, S. (1994)The Soft-k
Page 116 and 117: low.( New )candidate immobilizers(
Page 118 and 119: 360. See Business Wire (1999) Battl
Page 120 and 121: 380. These crimes have emerged duri
Page 122 and 123: US Clearing Dest: Foreign Port Dest
Page 124 and 125: Mr. Fatchett: In accordance with th
Page 126 and 127: telephone the police. She remembere
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