CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES - Omega Research Foundation

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The Police Authority of Northern Ireland undertook a review on the )Control and Use of Plastic Baton Rounds( in 1998 which took place in private and was not published in full (Police Authority of Northern Ireland letter to the Committee on the Administration of Justice, Belfast dated 3 June 1998). 150. Rosenhead, J. (1976) A new look at less lethal weapons. New Scientist. 16 th December. 151. Steadman, N. (1989) Modern Riot Guns in Internal Security and Counter Insurgency Supplement to Janes International Defence Review. Ocotber. )The safe envelope for baton firing may often be as narrow as 30m, which may explain the occasional miscalculation.( 152. Steadman, N. (1990) Close range baton gun from Verney Carron. National Security July/August. p35. )Despite the US safety figures it has been reported that the UK MoD has specified a level of 220 Joules for the baton gun and that the problem with the conventional riot gun however is that achieving the desired 220 joules at mid range (40-50m) means that it might easily kill within 20m. At this range for example, most standard 37/38mm ammunition will neatly punch a hole through plywood 11mm thick.( 153. Verney Carron, France. Flashball company brochure. 154. MK Ballistics, USA Flexible Baton company brochure. 155. For example the Royal Ordnance (UK) Arwen weapon. Company brochure. Or the Heckler and Koch (Germany/UK) riot gun. Police Authority of Northern Ireland Annual Report 1997-8 156. Steadman, N. (1989) Modern Riot Guns in Internal Security and Counter Insurgency Supplement to Janes International Defence Review. October. 157. National Security (1988) Wallop improves riot control weapons. September. 158. Police and Security Equipment 1998-99. Janes Publications Group, UK. 159. Manurhin Equipement, France, (1994) Company brochure for the MR 35 Punch rubber ballgun. 160. MK Ballistic Systems, USA (1999). Company information on RB-37-FS impact projectile gives an accuracy of 6-8 inches at 25 yards. 161. Venter, A. (1998) Vital vehicle in times of unrest. International Police Review November/December. Figure for the Slingshot rubber bullet machine at 70m. 162. Goodwin, B. (1991) MoD admits dangerous defects in riot guns. The Engineer 10th October. )It has been reported that the baton can land 3m either side of the target over a 60m range.( lxxx
163. Janes Infantry Weapons 87/88, p471. Janes Publications group, UK. Detail of the Condor SAs AM-404 multiple baton cartridge states )this round (multi baton) is recommended only for use against groups, since the dispersion of the three projectiles inhibits accuracy. 164. BTselem (1998) Death Foretold - Firing of rubber bullets to disperse demonstrators in the Occupied Territories. Israel 165. Janes Police and Security Equipment 1998-99, p344. Janes Publications Group, UK. 166. Goodwin, B. (1992) MoD orders emergency changes to plastic bullets. The Engineer 16 th July. 167. Schyma, C., Schyma, P. (1997) Possibilities for injuries caused by rubber bullets from the self defense weapon MR 35 Punch. Arch. Krimipol. Sep-Oct. 200(3-4). 87-94. )The propellant used in the French MR 35 Punch, manufactured by Manurhin causes important variations in the projectiles velocity from 120 to 140m/s. The resulting energies were about 150 to 200 Joules. The report then discusses the wound ballistics and concludes that they contradict the non-lethal character of the MR 35.( 168. Hansard 19 June 1997. Dr Reid (Ministry of Defence) answer to Brian Sedgemoor. Bullets were found to be travelling at a significantly higher muzzle velocity than that in the specification and at least 45,000 were withdrawn from service. 169. Committee on the Administration of Justice (1998) Plastic bullets - A Briefing Paper. 1998. 170. For details of the RPL Mk II riot projectile launcher see http:/ozarkmtns.com/less-lethal/riot.htm 3/8/98. 171. Guidelines have been widely criticised as allowing and encouraging misuse of these weapons. See for example Committee on the Administration of Justice (1996) The Misrule of Law and Bell, D. (1999) The use of rubber and plastic bullets in Northern Ireland. M.A. Thesis. University of Ulster, Magee College. See also BTselem (1998) Death Foretold - Firing of rubber bullets to disperse demonstrators in the Occupied Territories. Israel, p26. )The Israeli Defence Force is reportedly under orders to fire rubber bullets only from a distance of greater than 40m, and plastic bullets from a distance greater than 70m. However, the numerous deaths and injuries resulting during confrontations between the IDF and Palestinians is evidence of one or more of the following - failure to follow distance of fire orders in a stressful situation, the inadequacy of the reported )safe( distances of fire, or a willful decision to inflict extra-judicial punishment. Furthermore, it is obvious that instructions to aim only at the lower extremities, shoot only at rioters or stone throwers, and do not shoot at women or children are not adequate to prevent unnecessary injury or death.( 172. Air Taser Inc, USA.(1997) Press Release from Modern Non-Lethal system introduced to the United Kingdom. May. lxxxi
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CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (An appr
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)Crowd Control Technologies : An As
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)Crowd Control Technologies - An As
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It is recommended that new limits s
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Diversity Project), is already open
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guarantees are forthcoming both fro
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No 1. 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1
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No 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.
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An Assessment Of Crowd Control Tech
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[15] Any European wide adoption of
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NEW BIO-WEAPONS FOR CROWD CONTROL [
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than war in Bosnia, Somalia and Kos
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Most of these crowd control weapons
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CR was first synthesized by Higginb
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and some speciality ones. These inc
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Some Examples of Currently Availabl
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3.2 The International Committee Of
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coercion to a greater number of peo
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Fig 5. Severe blistering following
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currently available is not sufficie
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4.1.4 Hazards Of Pyrotechnic & Blas
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on particular parts of the human bo
Page 46 and 47: Fig 6. Modern Israeli pulsed jet Wa
Page 48 and 49: Severe skull damage caused by Kinet
Page 50 and 51: The report also stated that )these
Page 52 and 53: cultures. This process is perhaps m
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 9. Police officer targets WTO
Page 56 and 57: Electro-shock weapons have been del
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Page 62 and 63: + )Neither the existence, the prese
Page 64 and 65: Some Examples of 2 nd Generation No
Page 66 and 67: 6.3.1 Calmatives The human brain ha
Page 68 and 69: By 1994 this work was well on its w
Page 70 and 71: Therefore it does not come as a sur
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Page 74 and 75: used CS gas to literally fumigate a
Page 76 and 77: poor records of human rights violat
Page 78 and 79: water cannon were identified as Mer
Page 80 and 81: Chemical Name and Formula Munition
Page 82 and 83: NOTES & REFERENCES 1. See Action pl
Page 84 and 85: Avnon and Beit Alfa (Israel), Custo
Page 86 and 87: Company Brochure, April 1996. 43. L
Page 88 and 89: 67. In the SIPRI Yearbook 1998, pag
Page 90 and 91: 82. Chung, C.W., Giles, A.L. (1972)
Page 92 and 93: 105. McNamara, B.P., Rennie, R.A.,
Page 94 and 95: 130. For example one study using a
Page 98 and 99: 173. Statewatch Bulletin (1996). Br
Page 100 and 101: 195. Eg the Armortek water cannon o
Page 102 and 103: 222. http://www.zarc.com/english/ne
Page 104 and 105: 241. OBrien, D. (1991). Op. cit. 24
Page 106 and 107: 260. The isopropyl alcohol used in
Page 108 and 109: 276. Numerous reports from Northern
Page 110 and 111: 285. For example, )using tear gas,
Page 112 and 113: 300. Human Rights Watch (1997) Turk
Page 114 and 115: 312. Aftergood, S. (1994)The Soft-k
Page 116 and 117: low.( New )candidate immobilizers(
Page 118 and 119: 360. See Business Wire (1999) Battl
Page 120 and 121: 380. These crimes have emerged duri
Page 122 and 123: US Clearing Dest: Foreign Port Dest
Page 124 and 125: Mr. Fatchett: In accordance with th
Page 126 and 127: telephone the police. She remembere
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