Fig 6. Modern Israeli pulsed jet Water Cannon. xxx
more fatal than rubber bullets, with impact to the chest or head particularly life threatening. 205 Rocke reported injuries such as scalp lacerations, skull and brain injuries, concussion, blindings, facial fractures, rib fractures, limb fractures, lung contusion, spleen, liver and gut damage 206 and Redgrave also reported loss of sense of smell, psychological and emotional damage. 207 An example of this was Gary Lawlor who was two weeks short of his 14 th birthday when he was shot in the head in July 1997. He spent four days on a life support machine, and was close to death. However he began to improve, but still in March 1988 his mother said of him: )he is not the same boy as before... he cant eat and he cant sleep. He has been taking epileptic fits since he came out of hospital. He is deaf in one ear and has lost his sense of smell. His right hand trembles and he trails his right leg behind him(. 208 The type and number of injuries caused by rubber and plastic bullets in Northern Ireland is impossible to quantify for a number of reasons. Record keeping by the security forces is inaccurate. 209 During a riot security force personnel are stationed at the hospital casualty departments to intercept any injured people thus physically deterring those seeking medical treatment 210 , and finally any )gunshot wounds(, which includes plastic bullet injuries, are immediately reported to the security forces leading to possible charges of riot - this obviously deters people, even innocent bystanders, from seeking medical advice and indeed street hospitals and medical stations are frequently set up during periods of unrest . Because of this, it is likely that there is under reporting of injuries. 4.2.5 Occupied Territories. Deaths and serious injuries have also been reported from the Occupied Territories where rubber coated metal ammunition (balls or cylinders) and plastic/metal composite ammunition is used. The rubber ammunition is fired from an adaptor fitted over the end of the muzzle of the rifle, the plastic ammunition is fired as normal from the rifle. Hiss et al reported more than 20 deaths from rubber and plastic ammunition. In 17 cases of death, mostly on teenagers, death was caused by penetrating wounds to the head, lung, and heart and by non penetrating blunt trauma to the head and spinal cord. The wounds were characteristic of high velocity ammunition and of missiles fired from low ranges. 211 Yellin et al reported on penetrating thoracic wounds to 26 Palestinian casualties, two of whom died. 212 Damage to the eye was reported by Jaouni and OShea who identified 154 cases of injuries caused by rubber or plastic ammunition, of which 67 led to loss of the eye. 213 A report on a similar, but less dense, ammunition to the Israeli plastic type conclude that it had a )reasonable capacity to incapacitate( at short range. 214 According to a report by BTselem (Israeli Information for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories) from January 1988 to November 1998, at least 58 Palestinians were killed by rubber coated steel bullets. This figure includes 28 children under the age of 17 years of whom thirteen were under 13 years of age. They note that the figures are an under-estimate because in many instance autopsies are not conducted and it is impossible to determine which type of bullet was involved. 215 (Figures 7 and 8 illustrate some of the severe damage caused by Kinetic Impact munitions). 4.2.6 Worldwide. Reports from South Africa detail injuries to the face and jaws which were severe, resulting in soft and hard tissue damage, eye rupture, mandible fracture and severe bruising 216 . A report by Dr Clifford Goldsmith of the South African Bishops Conference described injuries including chest muscles )ripped open( and other muscles )ripped down to the bone(. 217 Four case studies in Austria have shown that a 12 gauge rubber pellet cartridge described as an )anticrime cartridge( can cause fatal penetrating wounds when shot from distances of 4-5m at susceptible target areas of persons wearing light clothing. 218 This type of munition is widely advertised and used for crowd control. Other types of kinetic impact weapon have also been reported to cause deaths and serious injury. For example in Prince Georges County, USA, a 61 year old woman with osteoporosis died in 1992 when an Arwen plastic baton round shot by sheriffs deputies broke three of her ribs, and a bone splinter punctured her heart. 219 Bean bags (cloth bags filled with lead shot) have also proved to be fatal, despite manufacturers claims to the contrary. Ian Hogg, editor of the authoritative Janes Infantry Weapons has been reported as saying ( I once witnessed the test of a )stun bag( designed to stop but not kill a criminal...it blew a hole in a sheep(. 220 In New Mexico beanbags have caused fatalities xxxi
- Page 1 and 2: CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (An appr
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The Police Authority of Northern Ir
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173. Statewatch Bulletin (1996). Br
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195. Eg the Armortek water cannon o
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222. http://www.zarc.com/english/ne
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241. OBrien, D. (1991). Op. cit. 24
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260. The isopropyl alcohol used in
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276. Numerous reports from Northern
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285. For example, )using tear gas,
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300. Human Rights Watch (1997) Turk
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312. Aftergood, S. (1994)The Soft-k
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low.( New )candidate immobilizers(
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360. See Business Wire (1999) Battl
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380. These crimes have emerged duri
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US Clearing Dest: Foreign Port Dest
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Mr. Fatchett: In accordance with th
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telephone the police. She remembere