CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES - Omega Research Foundation

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Whilst responsibility for the content and accuracy of this report is the sole responsibility of the Omega Foundation, we would like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance and information provided by the following individuals and organisations. Researchers at Amnesty International UK and International Secretariat, Maggie Beirne (Committee on the Administration of Justice), Tony Bunyan and researchers at Statewatch, Heiner Busch, Robin Coupland (ICRC), Professor Malcolm Dando, Rob Evans, Bill Hebenton, David Hoffman, David Isenberg, Dr Robert Jones, Dominique Loye (ICRC), Caroline Mojert, Clive Norris (University of Hull), Brian Rappert (SATSU, University of York), Zvi Shulman (BTselem, Israel), Julian Perry-Robinson and colleagues at the Harvard Sussex Programme on Chemical and Biological Warfare, Professor Harry Rothman, Jean Pascal Zanders (SIPRI). Front Cover photograph: X-ray of a Palestinian casualty with six plastic bullets lodged in his head after being shot by Israel Defence Forces in Nablus, December 1988 and who subsequently died. xii
No 1. 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.3 Section SECTION A: POLICY OPTIONS General Principles - Licensing Chemical Irritants Kinetic Impact Electroshock and stun weapons 2 nd Generation crowd control weapons Alternatives to crowd control weapons Table of Contents Social Impact Assessments of Police Technologies New Bio-Weapons for Crowd Control Exports of Crowd Control weapons to Human Rights Violators SECTION B: ARGUMENTS & EVIDENCE INTRODUCTION CURRENTLY AVAILABLE CROWD CONTROL WEAPONS & THEIR EFFECTS Chemical Crowd Control Weapons - Design & Effects Disabling Chemical Irritant & Harassing Agents Delivery & Dispersion Mechanisms Kinetic Impact Weapons & Their Effects Truncheons Impact Projectile Effects Delivery Mechanisms Delivery Of Kinetic Impact Rounds By Conventional Weapons Varieties Of Kinetic Impact Munitions Water Cannon Electro-Shock Stun Weapons Technologies & Their Effects xiii Page 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 10 10 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13
Page 1 and 2: CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (An appr
Page 3 and 4: )Crowd Control Technologies : An As
Page 5 and 6: )Crowd Control Technologies - An As
Page 7 and 8: It is recommended that new limits s
Page 9 and 10: Diversity Project), is already open
Page 11: guarantees are forthcoming both fro
Page 15 and 16: No 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.
Page 18 and 19: An Assessment Of Crowd Control Tech
Page 20 and 21: [15] Any European wide adoption of
Page 22 and 23: NEW BIO-WEAPONS FOR CROWD CONTROL [
Page 24 and 25: than war in Bosnia, Somalia and Kos
Page 26 and 27: Most of these crowd control weapons
Page 28 and 29: CR was first synthesized by Higginb
Page 30 and 31: and some speciality ones. These inc
Page 32 and 33: Some Examples of Currently Availabl
Page 34 and 35: 3.2 The International Committee Of
Page 36 and 37: coercion to a greater number of peo
Page 38 and 39: Fig 5. Severe blistering following
Page 40 and 41: currently available is not sufficie
Page 42 and 43: 4.1.4 Hazards Of Pyrotechnic & Blas
Page 44 and 45: on particular parts of the human bo
Page 46 and 47: Fig 6. Modern Israeli pulsed jet Wa
Page 48 and 49: Severe skull damage caused by Kinet
Page 50 and 51: The report also stated that )these
Page 52 and 53: cultures. This process is perhaps m
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 9. Police officer targets WTO
Page 56 and 57: Electro-shock weapons have been del
Page 58 and 59: xlii
Page 60 and 61: xliv
Page 62 and 63:
+ )Neither the existence, the prese
Page 64 and 65:
Some Examples of 2 nd Generation No
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6.3.1 Calmatives The human brain ha
Page 68 and 69:
By 1994 this work was well on its w
Page 70 and 71:
Therefore it does not come as a sur
Page 72 and 73:
the bottle, there is still time for
Page 74 and 75:
used CS gas to literally fumigate a
Page 76 and 77:
poor records of human rights violat
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water cannon were identified as Mer
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Chemical Name and Formula Munition
Page 82 and 83:
NOTES & REFERENCES 1. See Action pl
Page 84 and 85:
Avnon and Beit Alfa (Israel), Custo
Page 86 and 87:
Company Brochure, April 1996. 43. L
Page 88 and 89:
67. In the SIPRI Yearbook 1998, pag
Page 90 and 91:
82. Chung, C.W., Giles, A.L. (1972)
Page 92 and 93:
105. McNamara, B.P., Rennie, R.A.,
Page 94 and 95:
130. For example one study using a
Page 96 and 97:
The Police Authority of Northern Ir
Page 98 and 99:
173. Statewatch Bulletin (1996). Br
Page 100 and 101:
195. Eg the Armortek water cannon o
Page 102 and 103:
222. http://www.zarc.com/english/ne
Page 104 and 105:
241. OBrien, D. (1991). Op. cit. 24
Page 106 and 107:
260. The isopropyl alcohol used in
Page 108 and 109:
276. Numerous reports from Northern
Page 110 and 111:
285. For example, )using tear gas,
Page 112 and 113:
300. Human Rights Watch (1997) Turk
Page 114 and 115:
312. Aftergood, S. (1994)The Soft-k
Page 116 and 117:
low.( New )candidate immobilizers(
Page 118 and 119:
360. See Business Wire (1999) Battl
Page 120 and 121:
380. These crimes have emerged duri
Page 122 and 123:
US Clearing Dest: Foreign Port Dest
Page 124 and 125:
Mr. Fatchett: In accordance with th
Page 126 and 127:
telephone the police. She remembere
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