June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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cracks in the walls in nearly the same situation as one sometimes finds the rare troglobite Erigone stygius. Both species are about the same size and both build similar sized webs. Although their webs are quite different, they probably capture similar prey. Even though N. mogera may not be as well adapted to the cave environment as E. styqius its cave population is constantly being augmented by- individuals from surface habitats. As the prey is depleted the native spider loses. This circumstantial evidence implies that - N. mogera is replacing the endemic species. Other exotic troglophiles have not colonized Hawai'i's caves. For example, the predatory snail Euglandina rosea is a common troglophile in its home region in Florida. In Hawai'i its shells are common in low to mid-elevation caves but apparently the absence of both calcium for its shells and suitable prey have prevented this species from colonizing island caves. Other examples from Offal Cave are discussed above. With one exception exotic trogloxenes have not yet become established. Attempts to introduce cave bats to Hawai'i in the 1920's were unsuccessful (Tomich 1969). The Edible Nest Swiftlet was released in 1962 and is now established in a small area on O'ahu (Shallenberger 1976). Five main groups of trogloxenes exist in the world. Bats and rhaphidophorine crickets are nearly worldwide in caves except at high latitudes and on a few oceanic islands. Cave rats (~eotoma spp.) are widespread in North America. The Oilbird (Steatornis caripensis) inhabits some Neotropical caves, and cer- - - tain Swifts (familv A~odidae) nest in caves of the Old World tropics. These groups ca;ry in organic matter as food, excre- ment, nesting material, and dead bodies. The advent of trogloxenes in Hawai'i will result in a major new energy source in the caves and the establishment of a new food web, drawing almost entirely on exotic organisms for its cycle. Had a trogloxene colonized Hawai'i naturally before man, the cave ecosystem would certainly have been greatly altered, but native species would have eventually adapted to exploit the new niches. The present situation is quite different, as a great many potential exotic troglophiles that live in guano caves else- where are already established as inquilines of man or his domes- tic animals or as soil animals. These species w i l l be able to invade and flourish in Hawai'i's caves when a food source is there, and few native animals will have a chance to adapt to the new conditions. A preview of this phenomenon was described above for a cave that was used for an offal dump, and the ecosystem was drastically a1 tered with only one native species surviving. I suggest that the apparent fragility and instability of island ecosystems when compared to continental ecosystems is more related to the degree, type, or harshness of the perturbation, than to some inherant weakness in the workings of the system. Evolution dictated that island ecosystems functioned well before
the current onslaught. It is true that given the disharmonic nature of island biota, those missing groups that exploit their environment in an innovative way w i l l drastically alter the island ecosystem when they are introduced. Examples are trogloxenes in Hawai'i's caves and grazing mammals which convert forest to grassland. But these groups were missing once on the continents, too. Did not the forests of the eastern great plains of North America give way to the bison and man, as did the eastern Mediterranean forests to the goat? Most examples on the continents have been obscured because of the complex geological and evolutionary history there. One of the reasons islands are so interesting biologically is that they have not had as complex a biological and geological history as the continents. Islands can be studied as experi- mental controls for the evolutionary and ecological processes which are occurring but are obscured on the continents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by NSF Grant No. GB23075 ISLAND ECO- SYSTEMS IRP/IBP HAWAII and by separate grant to the author, NSF Grant No. DEB75-23106. I thank Dr. D. Mueller-Dombois, Depart- ment of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, for assistance in analyzing the data.
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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
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PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
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Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
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Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
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ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
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Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
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NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
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R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
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Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
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irds have been forced to mate with
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TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
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TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
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therefore be of interest to review
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wasp was found to parasitize the la
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In line with this thinking, immedia
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aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
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15 species of introduced insects es
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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areas include the planthoppers (Del
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
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We in the Forest Service are excite
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shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
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TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
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SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
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Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
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lesions. Or they may be part of the
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LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
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TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
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FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
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LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
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either species) after an encounter
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
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One exotic bird not found but previ
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TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
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TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
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FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
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FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
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Several patterns in avian distribut
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LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
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TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
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The objective of this paper is to a
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Selective field hybridizations yiel
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Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
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POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
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THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
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open ideas for consideration and to
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Presence-absence trait analysis fur
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small clearings of soil-humus depos
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LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
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WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
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ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
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An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
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caterpillars were found on young nu
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'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
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can be expected to provide will be
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Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
Page 117 and 118: We see from the two figures that in
Page 119 and 120: Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
Page 121 and 122: EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
Page 123 and 124: in the vial cap and was immersed in
Page 125 and 126: usually requiring only a few minute
Page 127 and 128: FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
Page 129 and 130: With respect to the distribution of
Page 131 and 132: native rain forest. However, the se
Page 133 and 134: mites are parasitic forms which hav
Page 135 and 136: LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
Page 140 and 141: Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
Page 142 and 143: STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
Page 144 and 145: DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
Page 146 and 147: litter habitats at lower and higher
Page 148 and 149: plant species diversity. The more d
Page 150 and 151: vegetational situation, and habitat
Page 152 and 153: TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
Page 154 and 155: KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
Page 157 and 158: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 159 and 160: Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
Page 161 and 162: TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
Page 163 and 164: In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
Page 165 and 166: Most continental troglobites are co
Page 167: (5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
Page 171 and 172: Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
Page 173 and 174: In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
Page 175 and 176: have been identified which include,
Page 177 and 178: LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
Page 179 and 180: TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
Page 181 and 182: TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
Page 183 and 184: ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
Page 185 and 186: The sweet potato is unique in that
Page 187 and 188: tempting to suggest that the introd
Page 189 and 190: LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
Page 191 and 192: DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
Page 193 and 194: I want to say that I strongly disag
Page 195 and 196: We will see how far these ideas get
Page 197 and 198: While the $28,000 would not even bu
Page 199 and 200: By no means, however, do I imply th
Page 201 and 202: Due primarily to lack of personnel
Page 203 and 204: National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
Page 205 and 206: HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
Page 207 and 208: Management Techniques The first clu
Page 209 and 210: !IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
Page 211 and 212: PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
Page 213 and 214: WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
Page 215 and 216: HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
Page 217 and 218: public opinion concerning the issue
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(Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
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(Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
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This is a survey to find out how th
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THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
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General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
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- )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
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A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
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The high tree species diversity of
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It is probable that ecological gene
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THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
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HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
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Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
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It is understandable that there is
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To accomplish the objectives of the
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FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
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METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
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Seedling survival Seedling survival
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TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
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254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
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COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
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In a ten-minute paper like today's,
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ut are now growing in a normal upri
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Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
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Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
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Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
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with the major distribution being i
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as size classes (height and diamete
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there were more available microhabi
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CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
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TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
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VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
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HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
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LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
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climates experience alternating per
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correlated with the amount and phys
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
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TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
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- Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
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Land availability is necessary to a
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Conf irmatlon of existing informati
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A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING D
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Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysvil
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Instructions RESULTS The following
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I. External Analysis (Examine bird
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PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
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(14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
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Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
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SUMMARY More work needs to be done
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TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
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TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
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TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
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' Information not our own is £ran
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the bare-root system have failed. K
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Results of the efforts on the first
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Areas for these vegetation communit
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FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
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2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
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FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
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SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
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PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
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List of Participants (Continued) De
Page 349 and 350:
List of Participants (Continued) Ca
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June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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