June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DISTRICT RESOURCES BASIC INVENTORY: THE LICHEN FLORA C. W. Smith Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 INTRODUCTION The lichens of Haleakala have received scant attention in the past. The only comprehensive collection prior to the Resources Basic Inventory was by Skottsberg during the Hawaiian Bog Survey in 1938. This collection was studied by A. H. Magnusson and forms a significant element of his Catalogue of the Hawaiian Lichens. A few other botanists have collected in the Crater including the Abbe Faurie, J. F. Rock, and 0. Degener. However, none of these collectors were specialists in lichens; their collections were incidental to their other interests, mostly flowering plants. This report is a preliminary investigation of the lichens of the Crater District of Haleakala National Park with notes on the principal lichen associations found in the area. Unfortunately, several groups are very inadequately understood from a taxonomic point of view and the omission of some of them seriously limits the reliability of a few of the assessments. This reservation is particularly true of the rock-inhabiting species at higher eleva- tions. A significant number of species, about 25%, still await determination by specialists. In the majority of instances, their lack of response is the result of their own current uncer- tainty on these Hawaiian specimens. As further informa tion becomes available the list w i l l be updated and the ecological assessments revised. WHAT ARE LICHENS? Lichens are an obligate symbiotic association between a fungus and an alga. The association produces a plant which is uniquely different from that of either the fungus or alga growing alone. Perhaps the single most significant ecological feature of lichens is that they must undergo periodic dessication. If they are not allowed to dry out within a three or four day period they become moldy and die. Thus these plants are ideally suited to areas where water is not continuously available. One may think of deserts in this respect but many situations in more equable
climates experience alternating periods of wet and dry, for example, rock surfaces, leaves, tree trunks, and branches and even the surface of soil. There are three basic growth forms in the lichens: crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Crustose species form a thin crust or film over the substratum. They are firmly attached to or embedded in the rock or bark. Foliose species lie flat on the substratum and are usually attached to it by hairs or rhizines. Foliose species can generally be separated from the substratum. Fruticose species are generally pendent or erect as in the familiar Usneas and British Soldier lichens. They are normally easily detached from the substratum. It is generally true to say that the drier an area the more likely you will find crustose species, the wetter an area foliose and fruticose species. This generalization is as true on the microscale as it is on the macroscale. If you look at the twigs on the edge of a tree or bush you w i l l normally find crustose species only. On the larger deeper shaded branches you w i l l probably find foliose or fruticose species. The complicating factor to this generalization in Haleakala National Park is that many areas are frequently inundated in clouds which encourages the growth of the foliose and fruticose species in situations that would normally only support crustose species. On the other hand, in areas where rainfall and fog interception result in infrequent dessication, mosses and liverworts replace the lichens. LICHEN ECOLOGY All lichens in the Hawaiian Islands are presumed to be native or endemic. No exotic species are known, a situation which is likely to change in the near future because of the introduction of large numbers of plants from various regions of the world, e.g., orchids introduced to the Foster Botanic Gardens frequently have live lichens associated with them; Christmas trees from the Pacific Northwest nearly always have lichens on their trunks, especially Hypo h sodes. On the other hand, endemic and native species p:E?A:shrted from Haleakala have not been located during this study. or example, the genus Umbilicaria is represented by three endemic species in the literature (Magnusson 1956). None of these species was found on the recent survey. Unfortunately, the type locality of one of these species, U. acifica, is "at the top of Halemau (sic) Trail." Since thg species --li as been collected from this area only, it may be assumed that it is now extinct or extremely rare in the area. The recent heavy pig impact w i l l have made the former alternative more probable. The lichen communities generally follow the flowering plant community distributions outlined in Whiteaker (1979) in his Vegetation Map of the Crater District of Haleakala National Park. However, two environmental variables modify the lichen community distributions so that they do not conform precisely to Whiteaker.
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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
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PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
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Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
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Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
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ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
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Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
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NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
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R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
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Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
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irds have been forced to mate with
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TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
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TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
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therefore be of interest to review
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wasp was found to parasitize the la
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In line with this thinking, immedia
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aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
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15 species of introduced insects es
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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areas include the planthoppers (Del
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
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We in the Forest Service are excite
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shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
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TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
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SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
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Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
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lesions. Or they may be part of the
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LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
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TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
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FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
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LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
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either species) after an encounter
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
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One exotic bird not found but previ
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TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
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TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
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FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
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FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
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Several patterns in avian distribut
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LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
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TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
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The objective of this paper is to a
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Selective field hybridizations yiel
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Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
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POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
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THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
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open ideas for consideration and to
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Presence-absence trait analysis fur
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small clearings of soil-humus depos
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LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
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WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
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ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
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An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
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caterpillars were found on young nu
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'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
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can be expected to provide will be
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Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
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We see from the two figures that in
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Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
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EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
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in the vial cap and was immersed in
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usually requiring only a few minute
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FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
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With respect to the distribution of
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native rain forest. However, the se
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mites are parasitic forms which hav
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LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
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TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
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Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
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STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
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DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
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litter habitats at lower and higher
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plant species diversity. The more d
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vegetational situation, and habitat
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TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
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KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
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TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
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In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
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Most continental troglobites are co
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(5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
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the current onslaught. It is true t
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Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
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In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
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have been identified which include,
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LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
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TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
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TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
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ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
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The sweet potato is unique in that
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tempting to suggest that the introd
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LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
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DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
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I want to say that I strongly disag
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We will see how far these ideas get
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While the $28,000 would not even bu
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By no means, however, do I imply th
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Due primarily to lack of personnel
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National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
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Management Techniques The first clu
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!IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
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PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
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WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
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HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
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public opinion concerning the issue
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(Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
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(Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
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This is a survey to find out how th
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THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
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General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
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- )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
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A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
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The high tree species diversity of
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It is probable that ecological gene
Page 238 and 239: THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
Page 240 and 241: HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
Page 242 and 243: Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
Page 244 and 245: It is understandable that there is
Page 246 and 247: To accomplish the objectives of the
Page 248 and 249: FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
Page 250 and 251: METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
Page 252 and 253: Seedling survival Seedling survival
Page 254 and 255: TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
Page 256 and 257: 254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
Page 258 and 259: COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
Page 260 and 261: In a ten-minute paper like today's,
Page 262 and 263: ut are now growing in a normal upri
Page 264 and 265: Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
Page 266: Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
Page 269 and 270: Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
Page 271 and 272: with the major distribution being i
Page 273 and 274: as size classes (height and diamete
Page 275 and 276: there were more available microhabi
Page 277 and 278: CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
Page 281 and 282: VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
Page 283 and 284: HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
Page 285 and 286: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
Page 287: LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
Page 291 and 292: correlated with the amount and phys
Page 293 and 294: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 295 and 296: LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
Page 299 and 300: - Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
Page 301 and 302: Land availability is necessary to a
Page 303 and 304: Conf irmatlon of existing informati
Page 305 and 306: A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING D
Page 307 and 308: Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysvil
Page 309 and 310: Instructions RESULTS The following
Page 311 and 312: I. External Analysis (Examine bird
Page 313 and 314: PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
Page 315 and 316: (14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
Page 317 and 318: Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
Page 319 and 320: SUMMARY More work needs to be done
Page 321 and 322: TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
Page 323 and 324: TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 325 and 326: TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 327: ' Information not our own is £ran
Page 330 and 331: the bare-root system have failed. K
Page 332 and 333: Results of the efforts on the first
Page 334 and 335: Areas for these vegetation communit
Page 336 and 337: FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
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2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
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FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
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SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
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PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
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List of Participants (Continued) De
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List of Participants (Continued) Ca
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June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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