June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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STAND ANALYSIS OF AN INVADING FIRETREE (MYRICA FAYA AITON) POPULATION, HAWAI'I - Garrett A. Smathers CPSU Western Carolina University Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723 and Donald E. Gardner Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii 96718 INTRODUCTION Fi retree (Myrica fa=), an aggressive, noncomm ~ercial, exotic species that is native to the Azores, Madeira, an d Canary Islands. has been s~readina ra~idlv in Hawai'i for approximately 80 years. This treeLwas introd;ced- in Hawai' i for reforestation in the late 1800's, but by 1944 it had become so aggressive in colonizing agricultural and forested land that the Board of Agriculture and Forestry was pursuing a control program to eradicate it (Neal 1965). Distribution and Controls Firetree concentration is dense on the islands of Maui and Hawai'i. However, the major efforts of control have been on the island of Hawai'i. In 1961 Kawasaki (unpublished) reported that the major concentrations on the island of Hawai'i were along the Hamakua Coast from Laupahoehoe to Honoka'a, then mauka (toward the mountain) to the Parker and Kukaiau Ranches. A smaller population covering 300-400 acres in the 'Ola'a Forest near Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HVNP) was also reported in the 1961 survey. In a 1966 survey Kawasaki (unpublished) estimated that the 'Ola'a Forest infestation had increased to 4500 acres, including 1500 acres on Forest Reserve Land and 25 acres in HVNP. Two additional infestations were observed in the National Park: (1) a 50-acre site on the northeast rim of Kilauea Crater; and (2) a 150-acre site at the intersection of the Chain of Craters Road and the 'Ainahou Escape Road. Invasion of firetree on the island of Hawai'i has increased exponentially. A 1970 survey revealed that more than 40,000 acres of the island were infested with firetree (Walters & Null 1970). The 225 acres infestion in HVNP in 1966 had increased to approximately 9000 acres in 1977. Infested acreage varied from light (1 tree/acre) to heavy (1000 trees/acre) concentrations,
with the major distribution being in the seasonal dry forest sec- tion of the Park. 62,776 firetrees were removed from the Park from 1967 to 1974, and from 1975 to 1978 an additional 30,884 were destroyed, making a total of approximately 100,000 trees removed over a 10-year period (Donald Reeser, Resources Manage- ment Biologist, pers. comm.), and yet the plant continues to spread (Smathers 1976). The National Park Service considers the firetree invasion an unnatural phenomenon that threatens and im- pairs the natural and historic quality of the Park's vegetation. The United States Forest Service and the Hawaii State Board of Forestry consider firetree to be an aggressive exotic with no commercial value, occupying land which should be utilized for agriculture and commercial forestry purposes. The State of Hawaii has conducted a control program for nearly 20 years, but funding and manpower have caused considerable fluctuations in this effort. Herbicides are the primary means of control. Of the various herbicides, Tordon 22k has proved the most successful in giving complete canopy kill and 99% control of sprouting (Walters & Null 1970; Walters 1973). Controls by the National Park consist of uprooting small trees and using Kuron herbicide (2,4,5-TP) on medium and large trees. In addition to chemicals, several species of insects have been tested for control of firetree, but none have been successful (Krauss 1964). Ecological Evaluation As yet no comprehensive ecological evaluation has been made of the long-term impact of firetree upon the native vegetation. It seems reasonable that such a study should be conducted, con- sidering the long period firetree has been colonizing the island ecosystems, and since its complete eradication is not likely. The latter is especially true in wildlands where agriculture and forestry are not practiced. Such a study would reveal the ecological role that firetree has with native species as well as with other exotic species now naturalized to Hawai' i. Informa- tion of this type would provide resource managers a better knowl- edge of how to evaluate the firetree's presence in light of their agency's mission and policy. There is now an excellent opportunity to study firetree as it invades a series of ecosystems in Hawai'i. Since 1971, firetree has been invading the Devastation Area of the 1959 Kilauea Iki Crater eruption site in HVNP (Fig. 1) where a similar comprehensive ecological study has been underway for nearly 20 years. A main objective of the Devastation Area study is to determine the competitive relationship between native and exotic plants as they colonize recent volcanic substrates. Results of this study have shown that exotic and native plants have both a competitive and complementary relationship. In all habitats, native woody plants were eventually capable of replacing or holding their own with exotics. The Park manager has now set aside a part of the
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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
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PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
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Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
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Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
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ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
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Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
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NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
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R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
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Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
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irds have been forced to mate with
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TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
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TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
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therefore be of interest to review
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wasp was found to parasitize the la
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In line with this thinking, immedia
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aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
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15 species of introduced insects es
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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areas include the planthoppers (Del
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
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We in the Forest Service are excite
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shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
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TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
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SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
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Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
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lesions. Or they may be part of the
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LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
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TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
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FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
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LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
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either species) after an encounter
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
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One exotic bird not found but previ
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TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
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TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
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FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
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FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
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Several patterns in avian distribut
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LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
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TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
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The objective of this paper is to a
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Selective field hybridizations yiel
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Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
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POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
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THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
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open ideas for consideration and to
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Presence-absence trait analysis fur
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small clearings of soil-humus depos
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LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
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WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
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ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
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An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
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caterpillars were found on young nu
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'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
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can be expected to provide will be
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Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
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We see from the two figures that in
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Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
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EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
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in the vial cap and was immersed in
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usually requiring only a few minute
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FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
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With respect to the distribution of
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native rain forest. However, the se
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mites are parasitic forms which hav
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LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
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TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
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Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
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STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
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DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
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litter habitats at lower and higher
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plant species diversity. The more d
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vegetational situation, and habitat
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TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
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KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
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TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
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In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
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Most continental troglobites are co
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(5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
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the current onslaught. It is true t
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Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
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In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
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have been identified which include,
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LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
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TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
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TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
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ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
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The sweet potato is unique in that
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tempting to suggest that the introd
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LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
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DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
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I want to say that I strongly disag
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We will see how far these ideas get
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While the $28,000 would not even bu
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By no means, however, do I imply th
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Due primarily to lack of personnel
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National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
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Management Techniques The first clu
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!IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
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PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
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WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
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HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
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public opinion concerning the issue
Page 219 and 220: (Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
Page 221 and 222: (Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
Page 223 and 224: This is a survey to find out how th
Page 225 and 226: THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
Page 227: General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
Page 230 and 231: - )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
Page 232 and 233: A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
Page 234 and 235: The high tree species diversity of
Page 236 and 237: It is probable that ecological gene
Page 238 and 239: THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
Page 240 and 241: HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
Page 242 and 243: Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
Page 244 and 245: It is understandable that there is
Page 246 and 247: To accomplish the objectives of the
Page 248 and 249: FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
Page 250 and 251: METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
Page 252 and 253: Seedling survival Seedling survival
Page 254 and 255: TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
Page 256 and 257: 254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
Page 258 and 259: COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
Page 260 and 261: In a ten-minute paper like today's,
Page 262 and 263: ut are now growing in a normal upri
Page 264 and 265: Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
Page 266: Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
Page 269: Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
Page 273 and 274: as size classes (height and diamete
Page 275 and 276: there were more available microhabi
Page 277 and 278: CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
Page 281 and 282: VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
Page 283 and 284: HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
Page 285 and 286: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
Page 287 and 288: LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
Page 289 and 290: climates experience alternating per
Page 291 and 292: correlated with the amount and phys
Page 293 and 294: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 295 and 296: LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
Page 299 and 300: - Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
Page 301 and 302: Land availability is necessary to a
Page 303 and 304: Conf irmatlon of existing informati
Page 305 and 306: A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING D
Page 307 and 308: Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysvil
Page 309 and 310: Instructions RESULTS The following
Page 311 and 312: I. External Analysis (Examine bird
Page 313 and 314: PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
Page 315 and 316: (14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
Page 317 and 318: Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
Page 319 and 320: SUMMARY More work needs to be done
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TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
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TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
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TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
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' Information not our own is £ran
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the bare-root system have failed. K
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Results of the efforts on the first
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Areas for these vegetation communit
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FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
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2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
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FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
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SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
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PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
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List of Participants (Continued) De
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List of Participants (Continued) Ca
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June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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