June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AT BARBERS POINT, OIAHU Bertell D. Davis Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc. Honolulu, Hawaii 96765 and Department of Anthropology University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 ABSTRACT Recent studies at Barbers Point, O'ahu, have demonstrated an unparalleled potential there for coordinated research on human settlement and environmental change in leeward "marginal" regions of the Hawaiian Islands. The following paper presents some of the more significant results: the available data are summarized, and several interpretive models from different sources are offered. The current level of knowledge is tantalizing to say the least. Clearly our principal limitation is one of sampling. It is expected, however, that with the definition of specific research goals this limitation can be overcome. Preliminary environmental impact studies at Barbers Point, O1ahu, have demonstrated the unique potential there for significant contributions to the cultural and natural history of the Hawaiian Islands. Several areas of investigation are of particular interest: the survival of rare and endangered species, the extinction of endemic Hawaiian avifauna, the structure of the leeward lowland forest prior to man's arrival in the islands, and the native Hawaiian settlement of a presumed "marginal" environment. To better accomodate such diverse but parallel concerns, continuing research is coordinated in phases, beginning with intensive survey of the terrestrial biology and archaeological resources. Fieldwork for this Phase I study was completed over the past 12 months, and a detailed report is now in preparation (Davis & Griffin 1978). The following paper summarizes the findings of the current study. Using data collected from the cultural survey, together with that recovered from excavation by the Bishop Museum (Sinoto 1976, 1978), I suggest a tentative model for interpreting the archaeological remains at Barbers Point. The model focuses on patterns of settlement and subsistence, and several alternatives are considered as testable hypotheses. This paper is of course necessarily quite preliminary. My purpose here is primarily to
open ideas for consideration and to stimulate discussion for developing and refining the direction of future research. TO begin with, the study area is located along the south- western coast of O'ahu on a broad plain of emergent fossiliferous coral-algal reef (Fig. 1). Because the seaward portions of the region are relatively isolated from alluvial encroachment, the exposed limestone has weathered to form a shallow karst land- scape. The area is characterized by numerous solution sinkholes, irregular rock masses, and poor soil development. Local climate is generally arid with intense sunshine, warm dry winds, and low annual rainfall. However, the coral plain is a major aquafer, and many of the sinkholes in the study area penetrate to the water table. Thus despite superficially arid conditions, the availability of fresh water alone is not the principal constraint on human settlement and subsistence. Indeed, as is typical of atoll environments in the tropical Pacific, the more significant factors are those resulting from the alkaline substrate and the general paucity of inorganic sediments. It is these conditions which placed particular requirements upon the adaptive strategies employed by the former inhabitants of Barbers Point. The intensive botanical survey described and mapped the modern vegetation zones of the study area, and complementary wildlife studies defined primary habitats. The presence of a second threatened plant species, Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Hbd., was confirmed in addition to the originally identified Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana Sherff. The population W r i b u t i o n of 50th species have been determined and pertinent recommendations presented (Miura & Sato 1978). An uncommon terrestrial shrimp, Halocaridina rubra, was also found in a large, flooded cave, and is briefly reported on by Miura and Sato (1978). From this baseline study we can now begin to consider the nature of the former environment at Barbers Point. Excavations by the Bishop Museum yielded extensive remains of terrestrial mollusca and extinct avifauna as well as cultural material. In addition to known coastal, forest, and predatory species, the avian assemblage includes several new taxa, two of which are flightless forms (Sinoto 1976; Ziegler 1978). Continuing analysis of the avifauna should yield substantial information regarding the birds themselves and their habitats. The potential for paleoenvironmental reconstruction has been especially en- hanced with the recovery of terrestrial rnollusca. Because they are habitat specific, these snails are highly responsive to local conditions. Although sampling for land snails has been somewhat limited, the available collection indicates a varied population in which eleven species have been identified to date (Kirch 1978). Morgenstein (1978) observes that the rnollusca occur in a complete and continuous biostratigraphic profile. Preliminary sediment analyses--including pollen, spores, and phytoliths-- correlate with the inferred deposition of avian and molluscan remains, and attest to significant changes in the vegetation of the study area. It is suggested that an initial reduction in the resident aviary probably occurred prior to a major transition
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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
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PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
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Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
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Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
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ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
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Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
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NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
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R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
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Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
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irds have been forced to mate with
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TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
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TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
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therefore be of interest to review
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wasp was found to parasitize the la
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In line with this thinking, immedia
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aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
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15 species of introduced insects es
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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areas include the planthoppers (Del
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
Page 43 and 44: We in the Forest Service are excite
Page 45 and 46: shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
Page 49 and 50: SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
Page 51 and 52: Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
Page 53 and 54: lesions. Or they may be part of the
Page 55 and 56: LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
Page 59 and 60: FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
Page 61 and 62: LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
Page 63 and 64: either species) after an encounter
Page 65 and 66: HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
Page 67 and 68: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
Page 69 and 70: One exotic bird not found but previ
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
Page 75 and 76: FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
Page 79 and 80: Several patterns in avian distribut
Page 81 and 82: LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
Page 83 and 84: TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
Page 85 and 86: The objective of this paper is to a
Page 87 and 88: Selective field hybridizations yiel
Page 89 and 90: Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
Page 91 and 92: POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
Page 93: THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
Page 97 and 98: Presence-absence trait analysis fur
Page 99 and 100: small clearings of soil-humus depos
Page 101 and 102: LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
Page 103 and 104: WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
Page 105 and 106: ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
Page 107 and 108: An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
Page 109 and 110: caterpillars were found on young nu
Page 111 and 112: 'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
Page 113 and 114: can be expected to provide will be
Page 115 and 116: Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
Page 117 and 118: We see from the two figures that in
Page 119 and 120: Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
Page 121 and 122: EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
Page 123 and 124: in the vial cap and was immersed in
Page 125 and 126: usually requiring only a few minute
Page 127 and 128: FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
Page 129 and 130: With respect to the distribution of
Page 131 and 132: native rain forest. However, the se
Page 133 and 134: mites are parasitic forms which hav
Page 135 and 136: LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
Page 140 and 141: Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
Page 142 and 143: STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
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DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
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litter habitats at lower and higher
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plant species diversity. The more d
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vegetational situation, and habitat
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TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
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KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
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Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
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TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
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In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
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Most continental troglobites are co
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(5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
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the current onslaught. It is true t
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Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
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In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
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have been identified which include,
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LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
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TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
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TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
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ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
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The sweet potato is unique in that
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tempting to suggest that the introd
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LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
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DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
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I want to say that I strongly disag
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We will see how far these ideas get
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While the $28,000 would not even bu
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By no means, however, do I imply th
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Due primarily to lack of personnel
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National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
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Management Techniques The first clu
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!IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
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PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
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WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
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HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
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public opinion concerning the issue
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(Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
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(Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
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This is a survey to find out how th
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THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
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General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
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- )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
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A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
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The high tree species diversity of
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It is probable that ecological gene
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THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
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HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
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Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
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It is understandable that there is
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To accomplish the objectives of the
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FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
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METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
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Seedling survival Seedling survival
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TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
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254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
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COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
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In a ten-minute paper like today's,
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ut are now growing in a normal upri
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Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
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Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
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Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
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with the major distribution being i
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as size classes (height and diamete
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there were more available microhabi
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CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
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TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
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VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
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HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
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LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
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climates experience alternating per
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correlated with the amount and phys
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LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
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TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
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- Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
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Land availability is necessary to a
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Conf irmatlon of existing informati
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A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING D
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Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysvil
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Instructions RESULTS The following
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I. External Analysis (Examine bird
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PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
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(14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
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Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
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SUMMARY More work needs to be done
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TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
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TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
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TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
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' Information not our own is £ran
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the bare-root system have failed. K
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Results of the efforts on the first
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Areas for these vegetation communit
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FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
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2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
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FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
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SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
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PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
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List of Participants (Continued) De
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List of Participants (Continued) Ca
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June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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