June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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In 1823 Ellis described five dryland agricul tural field systems on Hawai'i where sweet potato was the primary cultigen (Newman 1970: 114-115). These were located in leeward North Kohala, in Kona between Kailua and Ka'awaloa, at Wai'ohinu and Kapapala in Ka'u, and near Kamaili in Puna. Two of these areas have been investigated archaeologically: the North Kohala system at Lapakahi (Newman 1970; Rosendahl 1972; Tuggle & Griffin 1973) and the Kona system at Kealakekua (Soehren & Newman 1968; Newman 1970: 123-137). Research in Makaha Valley, O'ahu (Green, in press) and Halawa Valley, Moloka'i (Kirch 1975) provide addi- tional data on dryland cultivation in prehistoric Hawai'i. The earliest indirect evidence in Hawai' i for sweet potato cultivation is from Makaha Valley. Field shelters dated at 1100 to 1300 A.D. were found in stratigraphic association with evidence for swiddening (slash and burn agriculture) (Green 1970: 101). It is assumed that these fields were used for either sweet potato or dry taro cultivation. This initial swidden agriculture was followed by more permanent inland pondfield systems with associated dryland farming (Green, in press). In Halawa Valley, geological and malacological evidence suggest a sequence of forest burning resulting in slope instability and erosion by 1200 A.D. Based on this data, in conjunction with the cultural remains, Kirch (1975: 175-176) suggests that swiddening was prob- ably a major agricultural activity in the valley from the date of initial settlement (ca. 650 A.D.) onward. It was concluded that a quantitative shift in relative emphasis from swidden to pondfield cultivation gradually took place. The extensive field system at Lapakahi dates from the late 1400's to historic contact. It is in this area that the first direct evidence of sweet potato was found. Carbonized sweet potato tuber fragments were excavated from a field shelter in upland Lapakahi with associated dates ranging from 1425 to 1725 A.D. (Rosendahl & Yen 1971; Rosendahl 1972). Less directly, some coastal Lapakahi sites date to about 1300 A.D. (Tuggle & Griffin 1973: 58) and - may indicate the initial stages of sweet potato cultivation. Sweet potato tuber skin has also been tentatively identified from one of the Mauna Kea Adze Quarry rockshelters (B.P. Bishop Museum, current analysis). Only one radiocarbon date has been obtained for the rockshelter, 1492 A.D. (corrected), and the identified material is from a layer that is stratigraphically more recent, but definitely prehistoric. Recent research has led some archaeologists to hypothesize a prehistoric expansion of permanent settlement into the dry leeward areas of Hawai'i beginning as early as 1000 to 1100 A.D. (Cordy 1978). It is suggested that this settlement was accom- panied by inland agricultural expansion and substantial population increase, as exhibited by the extensive remains of dryland field systems and numerous coastal habitation sites. There were also certain social developments that took place which resulted in the formation of complex ranked societies during the late 1400's (Hommon 1976). This is in part documented by the appear- ance of large house sites and heiau (temples) which represent social stratification. The areas affected are notably those in which the sweet potato would be the most productive crop. It is
tempting to suggest that the introduction of this adaptable cultigen was an important factor in these developments. However, evidence to support such an inference has been elusive thus far. Three alternative time periods are suggested for the introduction of sweet potato to Hawai' i: 1) With initial settlement ca. 600 to 750 A.D. (Yen 1973: 81), or possibly as early as 300 A.D. (Cordy 1978: 25). This would mean that the sweet potato was involved with but not the catalyst for the previously mentioned cul tur a1 developments. 2) At a later date, about 1000 A.D. or somewhat later. The sweet potato could have precipitated or been directly requisite for certain cultural developments (Hommon 1976: 258-269). 3) By a historically unrecorded Spanish vessel in the 1500's (Dixon 1932; Stokes 1932). In this case the sweet potato would have been introduced after major cultural developments had taken place. There is a paucity of both direct and indirect data relevant to the prehistoric presence or absence of sweet potato in Hawai ' i. Only the third possibility noted above is seriously questioned by present archaeological evidence. We suggest the following research methods may assist in defining the chronology of sweet potato introduction and establishment in the Hawaiian horticultural complex, as well as identifyinq the effects this cultigen Hawaiian 1) 2) 3) may have had upon the development of prehistoric culture: The controlled archaeological sampling of prehistoric dryland agr icul tural field systems can be improved. This would be accomplished in part by obtaining con- sistent samples along two lines of variation in an individual field system, that is, along the longitudinal axis and the inland-seaward axis. Such a sampling procedure, combined with comprehensive absolute dating, should result in a complete view of the development of an agricultural system from its initial stages through European contact. Direct evidence is obtainable in the form of sweet potato macrofossils. Archaeological excavations could be concentrated on those sites, structures, and features which will most likely contain preserved sweet potato remains. In addition, specific field recovery techniques can be developed. The techniques of macrofossil identification need refinement, and comparative collections and keys should be developed.
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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
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PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
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Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
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Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
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ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
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Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
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NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
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R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
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Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
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irds have been forced to mate with
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TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
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TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
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therefore be of interest to review
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wasp was found to parasitize the la
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In line with this thinking, immedia
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aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
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15 species of introduced insects es
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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areas include the planthoppers (Del
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
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We in the Forest Service are excite
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shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
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TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
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SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
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Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
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lesions. Or they may be part of the
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LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
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TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
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FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
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LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
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either species) after an encounter
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
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One exotic bird not found but previ
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TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
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TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
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FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
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FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
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Several patterns in avian distribut
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LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
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TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
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The objective of this paper is to a
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Selective field hybridizations yiel
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Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
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POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
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THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
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open ideas for consideration and to
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Presence-absence trait analysis fur
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small clearings of soil-humus depos
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LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
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WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
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ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
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An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
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caterpillars were found on young nu
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'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
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can be expected to provide will be
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Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
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We see from the two figures that in
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Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
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EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
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in the vial cap and was immersed in
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usually requiring only a few minute
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FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
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With respect to the distribution of
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native rain forest. However, the se
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mites are parasitic forms which hav
Page 135 and 136: LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
Page 140 and 141: Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
Page 142 and 143: STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
Page 144 and 145: DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
Page 146 and 147: litter habitats at lower and higher
Page 148 and 149: plant species diversity. The more d
Page 150 and 151: vegetational situation, and habitat
Page 152 and 153: TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
Page 154 and 155: KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
Page 157 and 158: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 159 and 160: Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
Page 161 and 162: TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
Page 163 and 164: In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
Page 165 and 166: Most continental troglobites are co
Page 167 and 168: (5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
Page 169 and 170: the current onslaught. It is true t
Page 171 and 172: Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
Page 173 and 174: In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
Page 175 and 176: have been identified which include,
Page 177 and 178: LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
Page 179 and 180: TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
Page 181 and 182: TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
Page 183 and 184: ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
Page 185: The sweet potato is unique in that
Page 189 and 190: LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
Page 191 and 192: DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
Page 193 and 194: I want to say that I strongly disag
Page 195 and 196: We will see how far these ideas get
Page 197 and 198: While the $28,000 would not even bu
Page 199 and 200: By no means, however, do I imply th
Page 201 and 202: Due primarily to lack of personnel
Page 203 and 204: National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
Page 205 and 206: HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
Page 207 and 208: Management Techniques The first clu
Page 209 and 210: !IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
Page 211 and 212: PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
Page 213 and 214: WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
Page 215 and 216: HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
Page 217 and 218: public opinion concerning the issue
Page 219 and 220: (Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
Page 221 and 222: (Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
Page 223 and 224: This is a survey to find out how th
Page 225 and 226: THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
Page 227: General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
Page 230 and 231: - )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
Page 232 and 233: A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
Page 234 and 235: The high tree species diversity of
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It is probable that ecological gene
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THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
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HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
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Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
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It is understandable that there is
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To accomplish the objectives of the
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FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
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METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
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Seedling survival Seedling survival
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TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
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254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
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COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
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In a ten-minute paper like today's,
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ut are now growing in a normal upri
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Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
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Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
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Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
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with the major distribution being i
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as size classes (height and diamete
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there were more available microhabi
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CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
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TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
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VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
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HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
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LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
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climates experience alternating per
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correlated with the amount and phys
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
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TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
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- Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
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Land availability is necessary to a
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Conf irmatlon of existing informati
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A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING D
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Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysvil
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Instructions RESULTS The following
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I. External Analysis (Examine bird
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PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
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(14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
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Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
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SUMMARY More work needs to be done
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TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
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TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
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TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
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' Information not our own is £ran
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the bare-root system have failed. K
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Results of the efforts on the first
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Areas for these vegetation communit
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FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
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2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
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FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
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SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
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PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
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List of Participants (Continued) De
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List of Participants (Continued) Ca
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June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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