June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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STUDIES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN NATURAL HOST POPULATIONS: I. SMALL MAMMALS OF WAIPI'O VALLEY, ISLAND OF HAWAI'I* P. Quentin Tomich Research Unit, State of Hawaii Department of Health, Honokaa The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), Carnivora: Viverridae, and the roof rat (Rattus rattus) and Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), both Rodentia: Muridae, are abundant in Waipi'o Valley, island of Hawai'i. Two other murid - - rodents, the house mouse (Mus musculus) and the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), are carriers of serotypes of sporadic or rare in occurrence. As bacterial leptospires (Leptospira), which are transmissable to man, this assemblaqe of alien mammals is of public health significance and numerous- cases of leptospirosis have been traced to the valley. Population density of the mongoose was estimated at 2.3 per acre; for rats it fluctuated seasonally from 1 to 11 per acre. The serotypes - L. icterohemorrhaqiae and L. sejroe were found in the mongoose in a 40:60 ratio. Of 33 house mice tested, L. ballum was isolated from 21 and L. icterohemorrhaqiae from 2. One isolation of - L. icterohemorrhagiae was made from d Norway rats examined. For 126 roof rats tested, 68% of adults and 26% of young were infected; and for 175 Polynesian rats, 34% of adults and 26% of young were infected. L. icterohemorrhagiae made up 95% and - L. ballum the remaining 5%-of infections in the roof rat. For the Polynesian rat the ratio was 75:25. Free-ranging rats under observation for as long as 8 months acquired or lost infections. The wet subtropical climate of Waipi'o Valley supports conditions for transmission of leptospirosis even in times of drought. No prominent differences were observed in the infection rates in the lower valley at 30 feet above sea level and 1.7 miles inland at 120 feet. In the forested watershed of the valley rim at 3000 feet, conditions of infection matched closely those on the valley floor. Tests of 152 water samples from streams, ponds, and taro paddies resulted in isolations only of saprophytic leptospires. * Abstract
A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING DISEASE IN WILD BIRD POPULATIONS* Charles van Riper 111, and Sandra G. van Riper Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii 96718 INTRODUCTION When the demography of wild birds is analyzed, disease is an important but often overlooked factor. Although disease can be a primary factor of population regulation, its overall importance is probably more closely related to increasing the susceptibility of the host to other mortality factors (Kennedy 1975; van Riper, in prep.). It is therefore important that researchers be able to determine levels of parasites and diseases, if they are to draw meaningful conclusions concerning demographic parameters of a host population. Our purpose is to outline a procedure which would enable an ornithologist, who does not have sophisticated laboratory facilities, to examine birds correctly and to find answers concerning diseases present within an avian population. For accurate disease diagnosis it is first necessary to establish a definite postmortem sequence, so that each animal is examined in a similar manner and data are organized and easily retrievable. Ornithologists often feel limited in their ability to understand and diagnose diseases, and in many instances pa- thologists are not readily available for consultation. Further- more, budgetary constraints frequently l i m i t the number of specimens that can be sent out for diagnosis; of those that are, the time lag before obtaining results is often considerable. It is therefore important that workers be able to perform their own diagnosis, and to do this the development of a necropsy form applicable to wild bird populations is essential. The majority of avian necropsy techniques available today have been developed for poultry (e.g., Hungerford 1969; Zander 1975). Those designed specifically for other species usually place emphasis upon caged birds (Keymer 1961; Arnall & Keymer 1975), in particular canaries (Serinus sp.) and the Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) (Stone 1969). Many necropsy procedures are geared for veterinarian use and consist of pages with only general headings after which findings are placed (Ensley et al. 1976; Carpenter, pers. comm.). * This is a prepublication; anyone wishing to reference the mate- rial herein, should first contact the authors.
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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
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PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
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Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
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Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
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ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
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Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
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NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
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R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
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Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
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irds have been forced to mate with
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TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
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TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
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therefore be of interest to review
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wasp was found to parasitize the la
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In line with this thinking, immedia
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aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
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15 species of introduced insects es
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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areas include the planthoppers (Del
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
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We in the Forest Service are excite
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shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
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TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
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SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
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Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
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lesions. Or they may be part of the
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LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
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TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
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FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
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LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
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either species) after an encounter
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
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One exotic bird not found but previ
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TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
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TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
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FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
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FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
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Several patterns in avian distribut
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LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
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TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
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The objective of this paper is to a
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Selective field hybridizations yiel
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Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
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POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
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THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
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open ideas for consideration and to
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Presence-absence trait analysis fur
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small clearings of soil-humus depos
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LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
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WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
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ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
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An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
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caterpillars were found on young nu
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'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
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can be expected to provide will be
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Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
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We see from the two figures that in
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Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
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EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
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in the vial cap and was immersed in
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usually requiring only a few minute
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FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
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With respect to the distribution of
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native rain forest. However, the se
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mites are parasitic forms which hav
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LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
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TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
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Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
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STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
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DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
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litter habitats at lower and higher
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plant species diversity. The more d
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vegetational situation, and habitat
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TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
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KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
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HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
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Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
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TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
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In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
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Most continental troglobites are co
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(5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
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the current onslaught. It is true t
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Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
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In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
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have been identified which include,
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LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
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TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
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TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
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ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
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The sweet potato is unique in that
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tempting to suggest that the introd
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LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
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DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
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I want to say that I strongly disag
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We will see how far these ideas get
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While the $28,000 would not even bu
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By no means, however, do I imply th
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Due primarily to lack of personnel
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National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
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HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
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Management Techniques The first clu
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!IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
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PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
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WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
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HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
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public opinion concerning the issue
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(Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
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(Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
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This is a survey to find out how th
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THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
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General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
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- )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
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A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
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The high tree species diversity of
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It is probable that ecological gene
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THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
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HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
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Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
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It is understandable that there is
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To accomplish the objectives of the
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FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
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METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
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Seedling survival Seedling survival
Page 254 and 255: TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
Page 256 and 257: 254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
Page 258 and 259: COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
Page 260 and 261: In a ten-minute paper like today's,
Page 262 and 263: ut are now growing in a normal upri
Page 264 and 265: Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
Page 266: Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
Page 269 and 270: Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
Page 271 and 272: with the major distribution being i
Page 273 and 274: as size classes (height and diamete
Page 275 and 276: there were more available microhabi
Page 277 and 278: CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
Page 281 and 282: VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
Page 283 and 284: HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
Page 285 and 286: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
Page 287 and 288: LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
Page 289 and 290: climates experience alternating per
Page 291 and 292: correlated with the amount and phys
Page 293 and 294: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 295 and 296: LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
Page 299 and 300: - Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
Page 301 and 302: Land availability is necessary to a
Page 303: Conf irmatlon of existing informati
Page 307 and 308: Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysvil
Page 309 and 310: Instructions RESULTS The following
Page 311 and 312: I. External Analysis (Examine bird
Page 313 and 314: PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
Page 315 and 316: (14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
Page 317 and 318: Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
Page 319 and 320: SUMMARY More work needs to be done
Page 321 and 322: TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
Page 323 and 324: TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 325 and 326: TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 327: ' Information not our own is £ran
Page 330 and 331: the bare-root system have failed. K
Page 332 and 333: Results of the efforts on the first
Page 334 and 335: Areas for these vegetation communit
Page 336 and 337: FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
Page 339 and 340: 2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
Page 341 and 342: FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
Page 343 and 344: SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
Page 345 and 346: PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
Page 347 and 348: List of Participants (Continued) De
Page 349 and 350: List of Participants (Continued) Ca
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June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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