June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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lands; or a few surviving plants, or their seeds, will have reestablished the weed infestation. In most situations, it seems to me, the application of physical methods or herbicides to combat well-established aggressive weed species in Hawaiian wildland ecosystems is, in the long run, doomed to failure. I be- li,eve that the biological method of control offers a practical alternative to physical and chemical methods which can be successfully utilized against many of the weed pests in Hawai'i which compete with native plants. It has been repeatedly observed that in those areas in which they are endemic, plant species which have become aggressive weeds in Hawai'i are, in general, relatively minor and innocuous elements of the floras in which they occur. Thus, in Mexico, the exploratory entomologist Albert Koebele found Lantana camara occurring only sparingly as scattered shrubs, but not in continuous stands (Perkins & Swezey 1924). Similarly, it has been stated that in tropical America Passiflora species, such as - P. mollissima, occur primarily as scattered individuals in forest environments, not as overwhelming canopies (Gilbert, pers. comm. ) . There is an increasing body of evidence that, in many instances, the distribution and abundance of a particular plant species is determined not only by parameters of the physical environment and by competition from other plants, but also by the predators and parasites which feed upon it e . , herbivorous animals and pathogenic microorganisms). In the case of tropical passion vines, for example, Gilbert (1975) has shown that heavy herbivore pressure from the larvae of Heliconius butterflies has resulted in the hyperdispersion of Passiflora populations in Central American forests. Furthermore, in the case of many, perhaps most, phytophagous arthropods and plant diseases, long coevolution between the plant and its natural enemies has resulted in highly specific ~ host/herbivore --- ~ ~- ~ and host/parasite ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~. - . relationships. When a potential weed species is brought to Hawai'i, usually in the form of seed, it leaves behind virtually all of these specific types of associated arthropods and disease organisms. Thus, freed from the constraints exercised by these specific natural enemies, it is able to flourish and reproduce far beyond what would be possible in those areas where it is endemic, out- competing and overwhelming native species which bear their own burdens of specific native herbivores and parasites. The classical biological control strategy for combating an introduced pest organism, be it arthropod or weed, involves seeking out natural enemies of the pest in those areas where it is endemic, and establishing these in areas which the pest has invaded. The method has worked extremely well against several very serious range and pasture weeds (e.g., Opuntia Spp. in Australia and Hawai' i; Hypericum perforaturn in Australia and California; Lantana camara in several tropical areas, including Hawai'i) . Lantana, although it cannot be said to have been com- pletely controlled in all situations in Hawai'i, is today, with
15 species of introduced insects established on it, under a great deal of herbivore pressure which did not exist prior to these introductions, and is far less prevalent than it was at the turn of the century (Perkins & Swezey 1924). I believe that the reason why the majority of the serious weeds which affect native ecosystems in Hawai'i have not been brought under biological control is simply that, for most of them, little or no effort has yet been expended. Work which has been done on controlling Lantana and Clidemia, was directed at these species primarily as range pests; hence the natural enemies best suited to control these species in non-rangeland ecosystems may still be undiscovered. A major concern, often expressed by biologists and non- biologists alike, is that organisms which are imported for biological control of weeds will themselves become pests by attacking economic plants, ornamentals, or elements of the native flora. Careful research and testing carried out in the areas of origin, and under quarantine at the destination, can almost com- pletely eliminate this possibility. About 40 species of phytophagous insects have been successfully introduced into Hawai'i to combat weeds since this phase of biological control was initiated in 1902. Of these, one of the earliest introductions, made before adequate procedures for testing candidates for intro- duction had been developed, became a very minor pest of eggplant, and another, also among the first introductions, has twice been reported feeding on a native tree (Myoporum). These are the only 'exceptions I know of to an otherwise unblemished record. The generally high degree of host specificity which is characteristic of many phytophagous arthropods and disease organisms, plus the fact that many of the important forest weeds have no close rela- tives among the endemic flora, reduces the chance of unforeseen host transfer by well selected biological control organisms to the realm of a remote possibility. Even in the case of a weed such as banana poka, where a member of the same genus is a food plant of minor economic importance, there is still a good possibility of achieving biological control without materially affecting commercial passion fruit production. Species-specific insects or diseases may exist which w i l l not affect the culti- vated passion. Furthermore, ecological isolating mechanisms may exist which would prevent species introduced to combat a wildland weed from attacking a related crop plant growing in an agricul- tural or urban environment. Thus, among Heliconius the specific ecological and host requirements (i.e., ovipositional stimuli) of the adult butterflies limits their oviposition to specific Passiflora species within certain forest environments, even though the larvae themselves may be capable of feeding on other species of Passiflora. In the case of weeds such as the introduced grasses which grow in environments similar to those of native grasses, or the introduced Rubus species which may occupy habitat similar to that of the endemic R. hawaiiensis, there is perhaps less chance of achieving satisfactory biological control without some damage to
Page 1 and 2: COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
Page 5 and 6: Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
Page 7 and 8: Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
Page 9 and 10: ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
Page 11 and 12: Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
Page 13 and 14: NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
Page 15 and 16: R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
Page 17 and 18: Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
Page 19 and 20: irds have been forced to mate with
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
Page 25 and 26: therefore be of interest to review
Page 27 and 28: wasp was found to parasitize the la
Page 29 and 30: In line with this thinking, immedia
Page 31 and 32: aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
Page 33: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
Page 37 and 38: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 39 and 40: areas include the planthoppers (Del
Page 41 and 42: HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
Page 43 and 44: We in the Forest Service are excite
Page 45 and 46: shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
Page 49 and 50: SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
Page 51 and 52: Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
Page 53 and 54: lesions. Or they may be part of the
Page 55 and 56: LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
Page 59 and 60: FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
Page 61 and 62: LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
Page 63 and 64: either species) after an encounter
Page 65 and 66: HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
Page 67 and 68: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
Page 69 and 70: One exotic bird not found but previ
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
Page 75 and 76: FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
Page 79 and 80: Several patterns in avian distribut
Page 81 and 82: LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
Page 83 and 84: TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
Page 85 and 86:
The objective of this paper is to a
Page 87 and 88:
Selective field hybridizations yiel
Page 89 and 90:
Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
Page 91 and 92:
POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
Page 93 and 94:
THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
Page 95 and 96:
open ideas for consideration and to
Page 97 and 98:
Presence-absence trait analysis fur
Page 99 and 100:
small clearings of soil-humus depos
Page 101 and 102:
LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
Page 103 and 104:
WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
Page 105 and 106:
ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
Page 107 and 108:
An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
Page 109 and 110:
caterpillars were found on young nu
Page 111 and 112:
'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
Page 113 and 114:
can be expected to provide will be
Page 115 and 116:
Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
Page 117 and 118:
We see from the two figures that in
Page 119 and 120:
Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
Page 121 and 122:
EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
Page 123 and 124:
in the vial cap and was immersed in
Page 125 and 126:
usually requiring only a few minute
Page 127 and 128:
FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
Page 129 and 130:
With respect to the distribution of
Page 131 and 132:
native rain forest. However, the se
Page 133 and 134:
mites are parasitic forms which hav
Page 135 and 136:
LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
Page 140 and 141:
Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
Page 142 and 143:
STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
Page 144 and 145:
DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
Page 146 and 147:
litter habitats at lower and higher
Page 148 and 149:
plant species diversity. The more d
Page 150 and 151:
vegetational situation, and habitat
Page 152 and 153:
TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
Page 154 and 155:
KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
Page 157 and 158:
HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 159 and 160:
Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
Page 161 and 162:
TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
Page 163 and 164:
In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
Page 165 and 166:
Most continental troglobites are co
Page 167 and 168:
(5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
Page 169 and 170:
the current onslaught. It is true t
Page 171 and 172:
Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
Page 173 and 174:
In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
Page 175 and 176:
have been identified which include,
Page 177 and 178:
LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
Page 179 and 180:
TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
Page 181 and 182:
TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
Page 183 and 184:
ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
Page 185 and 186:
The sweet potato is unique in that
Page 187 and 188:
tempting to suggest that the introd
Page 189 and 190:
LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
Page 191 and 192:
DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
Page 193 and 194:
I want to say that I strongly disag
Page 195 and 196:
We will see how far these ideas get
Page 197 and 198:
While the $28,000 would not even bu
Page 199 and 200:
By no means, however, do I imply th
Page 201 and 202:
Due primarily to lack of personnel
Page 203 and 204:
National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
Page 205 and 206:
HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
Page 207 and 208:
Management Techniques The first clu
Page 209 and 210:
!IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
Page 211 and 212:
PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
Page 213 and 214:
WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
Page 215 and 216:
HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
Page 217 and 218:
public opinion concerning the issue
Page 219 and 220:
(Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
Page 221 and 222:
(Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
Page 223 and 224:
This is a survey to find out how th
Page 225 and 226:
THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
Page 227:
General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
Page 230 and 231:
- )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
Page 232 and 233:
A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
Page 234 and 235:
The high tree species diversity of
Page 236 and 237:
It is probable that ecological gene
Page 238 and 239:
THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
Page 240 and 241:
HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
Page 242 and 243:
Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
Page 244 and 245:
It is understandable that there is
Page 246 and 247:
To accomplish the objectives of the
Page 248 and 249:
FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
Page 250 and 251:
METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
Page 252 and 253:
Seedling survival Seedling survival
Page 254 and 255:
TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
Page 256 and 257:
254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
Page 258 and 259:
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
Page 260 and 261:
In a ten-minute paper like today's,
Page 262 and 263:
ut are now growing in a normal upri
Page 264 and 265:
Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
Page 266:
Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
Page 269 and 270:
Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
Page 271 and 272:
with the major distribution being i
Page 273 and 274:
as size classes (height and diamete
Page 275 and 276:
there were more available microhabi
Page 277 and 278:
CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
Page 279 and 280:
TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
Page 281 and 282:
VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
Page 283 and 284:
HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
Page 285 and 286:
HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
Page 287 and 288:
LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
Page 289 and 290:
climates experience alternating per
Page 291 and 292:
correlated with the amount and phys
Page 293 and 294:
HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 295 and 296:
LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
Page 297 and 298:
TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
Page 299 and 300:
- Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
Page 301 and 302:
Land availability is necessary to a
Page 303 and 304:
Conf irmatlon of existing informati
Page 305 and 306:
A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING D
Page 307 and 308:
Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysvil
Page 309 and 310:
Instructions RESULTS The following
Page 311 and 312:
I. External Analysis (Examine bird
Page 313 and 314:
PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
Page 315 and 316:
(14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
Page 317 and 318:
Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
Page 319 and 320:
SUMMARY More work needs to be done
Page 321 and 322:
TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
Page 323 and 324:
TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 325 and 326:
TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 327:
' Information not our own is £ran
Page 330 and 331:
the bare-root system have failed. K
Page 332 and 333:
Results of the efforts on the first
Page 334 and 335:
Areas for these vegetation communit
Page 336 and 337:
FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
Page 339 and 340:
2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
Page 341 and 342:
FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
Page 343 and 344:
SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
Page 345 and 346:
PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
Page 347 and 348:
List of Participants (Continued) De
Page 349 and 350:
List of Participants (Continued) Ca
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June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

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