June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The necropsy technique discussed herein was developed for small passerine birds, but with slight modifications can be applied to most avian groups. It is based on described disorders present in poultry (Hofstad et al. l972), pet and caged birds (Petrak 1969; Arnall & Keymer 1975), and wild birds (Davis et al. 1971), and should account for most diseases commonly encountered in birds from the field. Included is a checklist of potential symptoms interspersed with dissection directions (Part I), sup- plemented with detailed instructions on which parts of a bird to save when a symptom is encoutered (Part 11). Short sections are presented which (1) outline the materials and facilities necessary to carry out a postmortem analysis; (2) give general handling techniques which should be used during postmortem analysis; and (3) give detailed instructions on how to prepare different materials which are to be sent to laboratories for diagnosis. Diseases and the avian orders in which they have been reported are summarized in tables. Following the procedures outlined in this paper, most ornithologists should now be able to perform their own postmortem analyses. Required Materials MATERIALS AND METHODS The basic equipment required for this postmortem technique is minimal. It is, however, very important that the working area have limited access so as to reduce bio-hazards. Safety is an important consideration in doing postmortem analysis of any avian species, because many organisms that cause disease in birds are also pathogenic to man. Use standard procedures in handling diseased tissue and liberal amounts of a strong detergent (e.g., Tincture Green Soap) and disinfectant (e.g., Phenol or Pine Oil). Both a dissecting and compound microscope are necessary. Necropsy of small birds is tedious, and unless fine instruments are used much information can be lost. Opthalmic tools are ideal, and we have found iris microdissecting scissors, watch- makers and microdissection forceps, as well as microprobes invaluable. Other essential equipment should include a small piece of glass for examining the gastrointestinal tract, clean microscope slides and cover slips, sterile swabs and syringes, sterile petri dishes and vials for collecting tissue samples, sterile plastic bags for freezing tissue, and an alcohol lamp. Required chemicals and solutions for processing necropsy material include: 10% buffered formalin (add a pinch of CaC03 per gallon); 70% alcohol glycerine-alcohol (90 parts 70% ethyl alcohol, 10% parts glycerine); F.A.A. (50 parts 95% ethyl alcohol, 10 parts commercial formalin, 2 parts glacial acetic acid, 40 parts distilled water); absolute methyl alcohol; sterile transport medium for fungi (e.g., Sabouraud's agar available from Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan 48201; or Mycotic media available from Baltimore Biological Laboratory, Inc., BioQuest
Division, P. 0. Bos 243, Cockeysville, Maryland 20030); sterile transport medium for bacteria (e.g., Stuart's medium, a modified form packaged with a sterile swab available from Culturette, American Hospital Supply Corp., McGraw Park, Illinois 60085); and dry ice. Optional, but often extremely useful supplies include: filters, Lugol's solution (5 g iodine, 10 g potassium iodide, 100 ml distilled water; dilute with 5 times the distilled water before use); Hoyer's mounting medium (30 g gum arabic, 50 ml distilled water, 20 ml glycerol, 200 gm chloral hydrate; mix in order listed and filter through fine gauze); 10% solution of potassium hydroxide or 20% solution of sodium hydroxide; sterile transport medium for viruses (available from Colab Laboratories, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60412). Postmortem Methods General handling of the bird. A necropsy should be per- formed as soon as the bird is received because decomposition of internal organs is rapid and postmortem migration of parasites might occur. Take measurements immediately because weight, in particular, will change. Size measurements are important for aging purposes and may later prove useful as indicators of specific diseases within the population. Feather wear, cloaca1 protuberance, and brood patch w i l l better define the breeding condition of the specimen. Tag and label the bird, and every sample taken from this animal should have the same necropsy number (recorded on the necropsy form); indicate if samples are "sterile" or "non-sterile" and the type of medium in which it is preserved. Obtain a detailed history of the specimen. Preparation and examination of smears. Several types of smears are useful in the diagnosis of disease. Direct micro- scopic examination (such as fecal material) is important because some organisms are much more readily detected when alive. By using Lugol ' s solution, fungal hyphae and protozoa become more visible. Impression smears of organs or exudate prepared for gram or Ziehl-Neelsen stain (fix by drying over heat) are important for laboratory analysis of bacteria. Blood smears and impression smears of organs stained with Glemsa are essential when searching for blood haematozoa; fix for 30 seconds in absolute methyl alcohol. Collection of blood serum. Serological tests w i l l require blood serum. Collect blood aseptically from the heart ,and let clot overnight. Centrifuge for 10 minutes and then transfer serum to sterile vials. Refrigerate or freeze for shipment. Preparation of tissue samples. There are a variety of fix- atives used in preparing tissue (e.g., Zenker's is useful for all except nervous system tissue), but a good general fixative for most histopathological work is 10% buffered formalin. Cut tissue samples in pieces no larger than 1 x 2 x 0.5 cm and place in
Page 1 and 2:
COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES
Page 3 and 4:
PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Apple, Ru
Page 5 and 6:
Gon, Samuel M., 111 ALTITUDINAL EFF
Page 7 and 8:
Stemmermann, Lani HALEAKALA NATIONA
Page 9 and 10:
ROOF RAT DEPREDATIONS ON HIBISCADEL
Page 11 and 12:
Feeding upon seed pods Immature see
Page 13 and 14:
NENE REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM AND RES
Page 15 and 16:
R. C. L. Perkins (1903) also believ
Page 17 and 18:
Although Nene in HAVO pens are expo
Page 19 and 20:
irds have been forced to mate with
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE 1. Individual results of 6nl
Page 23 and 24:
TABLE 2. Combined results of NEnS b
Page 25 and 26:
therefore be of interest to review
Page 27 and 28:
wasp was found to parasitize the la
Page 29 and 30:
In line with this thinking, immedia
Page 31 and 32:
aIal 5 ." U) 0 a, U u C 0 4 w rlw r
Page 33 and 34:
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WILDLAND WEED
Page 35 and 36:
15 species of introduced insects es
Page 37 and 38:
HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 39 and 40:
areas include the planthoppers (Del
Page 41 and 42:
HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 5. SHORT-TER
Page 43 and 44:
We in the Forest Service are excite
Page 45 and 46:
shrubby Dubautia and numerous hybri
Page 47 and 48:
TABLE 1. Dubautia and Argyroxiphium
Page 49 and 50:
SOME ASPECTS OF A SHELL DISEASE IN
Page 51 and 52:
Induction of Lesions To induce lesi
Page 53 and 54:
lesions. Or they may be part of the
Page 55 and 56:
LITERATURE CITED Akin, D. E., and H
Page 57 and 58:
TABLE 3. Isolation of chitinoclasti
Page 59 and 60:
FOREST BIRD POPULATIONS ON O'AHU Ma
Page 61 and 62:
LEK BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF TWO HOM
Page 63 and 64:
either species) after an encounter
Page 65 and 66:
HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 3. THE KILAU
Page 67 and 68:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fifteen exot
Page 69 and 70:
One exotic bird not found but previ
Page 71 and 72:
TABLE 1. A list of the birds in the
Page 73 and 74:
TABLE 2. Densities (birds/4O ha) of
Page 75 and 76:
FIGURE 1. A map showing the locatio
Page 77 and 78:
FIGURE 3. A map showinq native fore
Page 79 and 80:
Several patterns in avian distribut
Page 81 and 82:
LITERATURE CITED Eden, J. T. 1971.
Page 83 and 84:
TABLE 1--Continued . Scientific Nam
Page 85 and 86:
The objective of this paper is to a
Page 87 and 88:
Selective field hybridizations yiel
Page 89 and 90:
Corn, C. A. 1979. Variation in Hawa
Page 91 and 92:
POLY MORPHA ---- NO SEED - SEED PRO
Page 93 and 94:
THE RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN T
Page 95 and 96:
open ideas for consideration and to
Page 97 and 98:
Presence-absence trait analysis fur
Page 99 and 100:
small clearings of soil-humus depos
Page 101 and 102:
LITERATURE CITED Barrau, J. 1961. S
Page 103 and 104:
WIDTH OF LARGEST WALL (cm) TOTAL AR
Page 105 and 106:
ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME RECENT IMMIGR
Page 107 and 108:
An egg parasite*, Trissolcus sp., w
Page 109 and 110:
caterpillars were found on young nu
Page 111 and 112:
'IRBLE 1. Sunnnq of sm recent imniq
Page 113 and 114:
can be expected to provide will be
Page 115 and 116:
Dombois 1977). Of course the trees
Page 117 and 118:
We see from the two figures that in
Page 119 and 120:
Ole HEALTHY, h FIGURE 1. Probabilit
Page 121 and 122:
EVALUATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR H
Page 123 and 124:
in the vial cap and was immersed in
Page 125 and 126:
usually requiring only a few minute
Page 127 and 128:
FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTIO
Page 129 and 130:
With respect to the distribution of
Page 131 and 132:
native rain forest. However, the se
Page 133 and 134:
mites are parasitic forms which hav
Page 135 and 136:
LITERATURE CITED Atyeo, W. T., and
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 2. Feather mites recovered £
Page 140 and 141:
Hirstionyssidae Rhinonyssidae (Rode
Page 142 and 143:
STUDY SITE The ahupua'a of Manuka,
Page 144 and 145:
DISCUSSION The trend of increasing
Page 146 and 147:
litter habitats at lower and higher
Page 148 and 149:
plant species diversity. The more d
Page 150 and 151:
vegetational situation, and habitat
Page 152 and 153:
TABLE 1. mmber of families encounte
Page 154 and 155:
KEY: Nmhr of families colleded fran
Page 157 and 158:
HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 159 and 160:
Isopterygium Plagiothecium cavifoli
Page 161 and 162:
TABLE 1. Phytogeographic relationsh
Page 163 and 164:
In Hawai'i rain water percolates ra
Page 165 and 166:
Most continental troglobites are co
Page 167 and 168:
(5) Caves are fragile ecosystems an
Page 169 and 170:
the current onslaught. It is true t
Page 171 and 172:
Maciolek, J. A., and R. E. Brock. 1
Page 173 and 174:
In the fallowing paper, a quick sum
Page 175 and 176:
have been identified which include,
Page 177 and 178:
LLTERATURE CITED Htmda, N., and J.
Page 179 and 180:
TABLE 2. Cmpnents for the tree laye
Page 181 and 182:
TABLE 4. Example of a vegetation ty
Page 183 and 184:
ETGLTRE 2. Location of the U. S. Fi
Page 185 and 186:
The sweet potato is unique in that
Page 187 and 188:
tempting to suggest that the introd
Page 189 and 190:
LITERATURE CITED Brand, D. D. 1971.
Page 191 and 192:
DEDICATION ADDRESS FOR HAWAII FIELD
Page 193 and 194:
I want to say that I strongly disag
Page 195 and 196:
We will see how far these ideas get
Page 197 and 198:
While the $28,000 would not even bu
Page 199 and 200:
By no means, however, do I imply th
Page 201 and 202:
Due primarily to lack of personnel
Page 203 and 204:
National Park Service. 1969. Dark-r
Page 205 and 206:
HAWAII IBP SYNTHESIS : 7. IMPACT OF
Page 207 and 208:
Management Techniques The first clu
Page 209 and 210:
!IWLE 1. Summary of production at 6
Page 211 and 212:
PART A: Shipnan Strain Geese (14 Ge
Page 213 and 214:
WLE 4. Gn5 restoration project reco
Page 215 and 216:
HUMAN PERCEPTION OF THE HAWAIIAN EN
Page 217 and 218:
public opinion concerning the issue
Page 219 and 220:
(Question) Variables No Bsponse TAB
Page 221 and 222:
(Question) Variables 10 11 12 13 14
Page 223 and 224:
This is a survey to find out how th
Page 225 and 226:
THE SEPTEMBER 1977 ERUPTION OF KILA
Page 227:
General Conclusions 1. Zonal (or co
Page 230 and 231:
- )RIGIN - TeC - TeL - TrP - 11.000
Page 232 and 233:
A SOIL FUNGUS SET I B C ZONES SET2
Page 234 and 235:
The high tree species diversity of
Page 236 and 237:
It is probable that ecological gene
Page 238 and 239:
THE ROLE OF THE HAWAIIAN TWO-LINED
Page 240 and 241:
HABITAT UTILIZATION AND NICHE COMPO
Page 242 and 243:
Hawaii Field Research Center. The p
Page 244 and 245:
It is understandable that there is
Page 246 and 247:
To accomplish the objectives of the
Page 248 and 249:
FIGURE 1. Map of the island of Hawa
Page 250 and 251:
METHODS Old mamane seed pods were c
Page 252 and 253:
Seedling survival Seedling survival
Page 254 and 255:
TABLE 1. Comparisons of percent see
Page 256 and 257: 254 Figure 2--Cumulative number of
Page 258 and 259: COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND THE S
Page 260 and 261: In a ten-minute paper like today's,
Page 262 and 263: ut are now growing in a normal upri
Page 264 and 265: Table 1--Grafting trials of Acacia
Page 266: Table 3--Treatments applied to Acac
Page 269 and 270: Table 5--Clonal variation in rootin
Page 271 and 272: with the major distribution being i
Page 273 and 274: as size classes (height and diamete
Page 275 and 276: there were more available microhabi
Page 277 and 278: CONCLUSIONS The Devastation Study A
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 1. Habitat 5. Structure and v
Page 281 and 282: VBLC 3. Witat 5. Wantitative charac
Page 283 and 284: HABITAT PROFILE - NOS. 1.2,4,5,6 OF
Page 285 and 286: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARKCRATER DISTR
Page 287 and 288: LITERATURE CITED Bryan, W. A. 1915.
Page 289 and 290: climates experience alternating per
Page 291 and 292: correlated with the amount and phys
Page 293 and 294: HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK CRATER DIST
Page 295 and 296: LITERATURE CITED Degener, 0. 1930.
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 2. Potentially aggressive wee
Page 299 and 300: - Rubus rosaefolius Sn. 2 !l%e thim
Page 301 and 302: Land availability is necessary to a
Page 303 and 304: Conf irmatlon of existing informati
Page 305: A NECROPSY PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING D
Page 309 and 310: Instructions RESULTS The following
Page 311 and 312: I. External Analysis (Examine bird
Page 313 and 314: PART I1 (1) Face, legs, or feet: le
Page 315 and 316: (14) Feather, follicle, or skin par
Page 317 and 318: Examine a wet smear of intestinal c
Page 319 and 320: SUMMARY More work needs to be done
Page 321 and 322: TABLE 1. Summary of diseases in avi
Page 323 and 324: TABIE l--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 325 and 326: TABLE 1--Continued '. Disease Patho
Page 327: ' Information not our own is £ran
Page 330 and 331: the bare-root system have failed. K
Page 332 and 333: Results of the efforts on the first
Page 334 and 335: Areas for these vegetation communit
Page 336 and 337: FIGURE 1. Courses of the topographi
Page 339 and 340: 2500 mm ---+ MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITAT
Page 341 and 342: FOREST BIRD POPULATION VARIATION AS
Page 343 and 344: SPP . r Pelea sp., and Vaccinium ca
Page 345 and 346: PREHISTORIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS * Alan C
Page 347 and 348: List of Participants (Continued) De
Page 349 and 350: List of Participants (Continued) Ca
show all

June 1 - 3 , 1978 - University of Hawaii at Manoa

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?