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a subtle form of erecting ethnic boundaries to distinguish themselves from those on land and even to forestall hostile action from them. The Orang Laut and the Moken may have lost their economic and strategic importance to the dominant ethnic land communities and their rulers, but they continue to reinforce difference as a strategy for survival of their chosen way of life. Their situation bears a strong resemblance to that of a closely related group, the interior forest dwellers known collectively as Orang Asli/Suku Terasing. The Orang Laut and the Malayu 201
202 Chapter 7 The Orang Asli/Suku Terasing and the Malayu The interior of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra is home to numerous groups who are distinguished from the Malayu by their nomadic or seminomadic lifestyles. In the past they were referred to by distinctive names or more generally by the areas where they lived or which they exploited. Only in the twentieth century were names such as “Orang Asli” (indigenous people) in Malaysia and “Suku Terasing” (isolated tribes) in Indonesia applied to all such groups as an administrative convenience. 1 While such terms convey marginality, this was not always the case in the long history of intercourse between these interior communities and the Malayu. For many centuries the complementarity of their economies encouraged the maintenance of their differing lifeways. The interior groups were the principal collectors of forest products in demand in the international marketplace, while the Malayu provided the facilities for international trade and were the source of the iron, salt, cloth, ceramics, and other necessary and prestige goods desired by the interior communities. There was every reason to encourage the preservation of these complementary and mutually beneficial lifestyles. This chapter provides another example of the manner in which a shift in trade affected relationships between groups, leading to a reassessment of ethnic boundaries. Prior to the late nineteenth century, the relations between the Malayu and the Orang Asli/Suku Terasing were marked by profitable economic arrangements. But the transformation of the land from forests to agricultural export plantations in the nineteenth century removed the relevance and value of the Orang Asli/Suku Terasing as the suppliers of highly desired forest products. Pressures of modernity, the nation-state, and the competitive global economy made the lifestyle and economic pursuits of the forest and hill people increasingly irrelevant and undervalued. While some succumbed to the pressures, others fought a dispiriting battle to retain their unique lifestyles and ethnic identities.
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LEONARD Y. ANDAYA of the SAME TREE
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Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and E
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To Barbara It’s been a truly wond
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viii Maps Southeast Asia | 2 East-W
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at the library of the Royal Institu
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mountain chains along the spines of
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effective units, whereas others saw
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Although people, and hence document
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stimulus and a justification for gr
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and ordinary people are equally imp
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or “people,” in contradistincti
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The Malayu were one of the earliest
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fourteenth-century Javanese depicti
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18 Chapter 1 Malayu Antecedents In
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speakers in Taiwan between 4000 and
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migration of the Austronesian speak
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Kuala Selinsing in Perak in the nor
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archaeological evidence found at An
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manufacture. There was no compellin
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next. An early sea route went from
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six months. 49 It was in the period
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archaeological finds, according to
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polity. 60 Sathing Phra resembled a
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fifth and eighth centuries Jiecha w
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make landfall at the Isthmus of Kra
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find other outlets for their goods
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uplanders in Champa is seen in thei
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and the process resembles the forma
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Chapter 2 Emergence of Malayu In th
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Sometime between the fifth and the
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R i a u A r c h i p e l a g o L i n
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tices. The founder underwent a cere
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Arab and Persian sources reinforce
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missions to Tang China in 853 and 8
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The first major center of Sriwijaya
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inscription mentions inscribing the
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In a study of all the extant inscri
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frequently occur to challenge the e
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Interpreting this as a sign, he set
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Orang Laut assured the success of t
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greatest “legitimate” right to
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her to another kin group. A milk re
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ing sickness and happiness, helping
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ture more akin to the mainland civi
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involved, individuals are associate
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Contained in this description is a
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with the bodhisattva’s powers and
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considerably. Archaeological and pa
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In describing the Minangkabau matri
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frequent and meaningful at the lowe
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themselves as Minangkabau. Survivor
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96 Chapter 3 Role of Pagaruyung Rul
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from the interior highlands of Suma
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proceeds to recount the fortunes of
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uler, Sultan Mahmud, by his nobles.
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When the VOC became involved in the
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comply with the demands from a dist
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108 Chapter 4 From Malayu to Aceh F
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Malayu heritage. 8 But for almost t
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economically and culturally the cen
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as between fellow rulers. The occas
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Melayu states explicitly that he wa
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separate quarters respectively for
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eginning of the seventeenth century
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to any Indian ship wanting to sail
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as the champion of Islam. Because o
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his Taj al-Salatin (Mirror of Kings
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Aceh being recited by the court sin
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this office was modeled after that
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sal areas by the ruler’s official
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which they brought to incoming ship
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tions of the involvement of the rul
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The gradual shift from the coast to
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contest between the religious schol
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“[t]he most famous man in Aceh is
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Malayuness in the sixteenth and sev
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cannibals. Early visitors to Southe
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On the basis of later evidence we c
Page 162 and 163: enth century by an entity known as
Page 164 and 165: transcription or translation has be
Page 166 and 167: ies, Batak groups moved from the La
Page 168 and 169: mass market in China in the prepara
Page 170 and 171: came to form a main marga, which we
Page 172 and 173: There is also support for the argum
Page 174 and 175: tombs of the Sibayak (lords) of Kab
Page 176 and 177: The Sisingamangaraja was revered fo
Page 178 and 179: something like an ecclesiastical Em
Page 180 and 181: and directives of the high priest.
Page 183 and 184: of being “Batak” became both a
Page 185 and 186: given to the numerous sea and stran
Page 187 and 188: oats. 10 Another explanation for th
Page 189: through the Singapore Straits, but
Page 192 and 193: special ceremonies. In addition, th
Page 194 and 195: Mantang were not simply providers o
Page 196 and 197: the batin dispatched a formal deleg
Page 198 and 199: Hang Tuah as a model of Malayu beha
Page 200 and 201: lier centuries when the transpenins
Page 202 and 203: association with the Malayu and ins
Page 204 and 205: work must have existed to account f
Page 206 and 207: The same tale of the flight of the
Page 208 and 209: iver to the coast, and finally by s
Page 210 and 211: the Suma Oriental, the distinction
Page 214 and 215: Orang Asli on the Malay Peninsula a
Page 216 and 217: kabau came to settle. Within the fo
Page 218 and 219: to the disappearance of the elephan
Page 220 and 221: The Malayu kingdom of Jambi in the
Page 222 and 223: terombo (genealogical histories), a
Page 224 and 225: nomadic interior groups. 61 Increas
Page 226 and 227: etween the skulls of the “Mongolo
Page 228 and 229: Once the colonial extractive and pl
Page 230 and 231: These interior towns would have ser
Page 232 and 233: were swidden farmers and forest col
Page 234 and 235: Demang Lebar Daun). “Demang” is
Page 236 and 237: There is a striking similarity in t
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Page 242 and 243: people in the region (see chapter 3
Page 245 and 246: and equality in earlier centuries t
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Page 249 and 250: Even though the Orang Laut and the
Page 252 and 253: Notes Introduction 1. Comaroff and
Page 254 and 255: 37. Benjamin, “On Being Tribal,
Page 256 and 257: 49. Francis, Asia’s Maritime Bead
Page 258 and 259: Chapter 2: Emergence of Malayu 1. C
Page 260 and 261: Champa. In both cases it was a sign
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90. Although the traditions from wh
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Chapter 3: Ethnicization of the Min
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49. Hadler believes there are “mu
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viewpoint. A romanized version of t
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23. Cortesão, Suma Oriental, vol.
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in the Sejarah Melayu is borrowed a
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word of the ruler in a formalized m
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he claimed that the Sirat contained
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15. Burkill, Dictionary of Economic
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57. Bronson, Besoeki, and Wisseman,
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traced to the Austronesian language
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141. Ginting, “Pak Surdam,” 86-
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ships established in the trading wo
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2. The origin of the term “Semang
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46. Barnard, Multiple Centres, 73-4
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86. Wheatley, Golden Khersonese, 15
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137. Sager, “If We Cross,” ch.
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Select Bibliography Archival and Un
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Alves, Jorge Manuel Santos. O Domí
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Ayalon, David. “On the Eunuchs in
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———. “Early Austronesian So
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Chhabra, B. Ch. Expansion of Indo-A
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Drewes, G. W. J. Hikajat Potjut Muh
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Haan, C. de. “Verslag van eene Re
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———. Batakspiegel. Uitgaven v
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Liaw Yock Fang. Sejarah Kesusastera
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Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor, ed. Salasilah
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Purba, O.H.S., and Elvis F. Purba.
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Shils, Edward. “Primordial, Perso
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———. “The Formation of a Po
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Willer, T. “Verzameling der Batta
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316 Index pustaha and datu/guru, 16
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318 Index Orang Asli/Suku Terasing,
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320 Index Sriwijaya, 14, 36, 52-54,
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Production Notes for Andaya Leaves
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