ofthe SAME TREE

49. Hadler believes there are “multiple concepts of rantau” and that the colonial
state may need to be examined as a factor in the increasing patrilineal tendencies in the
rantau. Jeffrey Hadler, personal communication.
50. Drakard, Kingdom of Words, 101.
51. In the Dutch translation of these letters kept in the National Archives in The
Netherlands, the Dutch term “keizer” or “emperor” was used for maharajadiraja, “the
great king of kings.”
52. Cortesão, Suma Oriental, vol. 1, 154.
53. Cortesão, Suma Oriental, vol. 1, 164.
54. Cortesão, Suma Oriental, vol. 1, 152–5.
55. Andaya, To Live as Brothers, 66–7.
56. Coolhaas, Generale Missiven, vol. 1, 351.
57. This was a pattern continued in the later centuries. Andaya, Kingdom of Johor;
Barnard, “Multiple Centers”; Andaya, To Live as Brothers; Oki, “River Trade.”
58. Cortesão, Suma Oriental, vol. 1, 161.
59. Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism, 62–3.
60. Boxer, Further Selections, 98–103.
61. Benjamin, “Issues in the Ethnohistory of Pahang,” 92, 97.
62. NA, VOC 1151 Malaka, van Vliet, 14 January 1645, fols. 538v–539r.
63. Buxbaum, Family Law, 25. I have retranslated the original Malay into English.
64. NA, VOC 1157 Atjeh, Diary of Arnold de Vlamingh v. Outshoorn, 1644, fol.
606r.
65. Hale, Adventures, 163.
66. Mills, Eredia’s Description, 22.
67. With the growing strength of Islam in the interior, the Arabic term alam
came to replace the Sanskrit bhumi for “world.”
68. Haan, “Naar Midden Sumatra,” 355–6; Andaya, History of Johor, 111. Part of
“Naar Midden Sumatra,” which was a journal of Tomas Dias, has been translated by
Drakard, “A Mission,” 152–61.
69. Joustra, Batakspiegel 20, 23–9.
70. Kathirithamby-Wells, “Acehnese Control,” 476–7.
71. Basel, “Begin en Voortgang,” 24–6.
72. Satyawati, “Archaeology and History,” 3. In an early nineteenth-century letter
written in Malay from Pagaruyung, the term maharajadiraja was still being used to
refer to the ruler. Drakard, Kingdom of Words, 156–7, Appendix I, 273.
73. The name comes from the words pagar (fence) and ruyung (the outer portion
of a palm trunk, which can be used for fences or palisades). According to legend, a fence
made of the palm trunk was erected in the river to protect the royal child from crocodile
attacks while bathing. It was a well-known story and would have reinforced the perceived
role of rulers as “parents” offering protection for their Minangkabau “children.”
74. Andaya, Kingdom of Johor, 331
75. The mission itself consisted solely of Minangkabau leaders from the west coast
settlement of Padang acting on behalf of the VOC. It did not include any Europeans.
76. NA, VOC 1272, Mission to Pagaruyung, fols. 1027r–v.
Notes to Pages 90–97
255