ofthe SAME TREE

15. Burkill, Dictionary of Economic Products, vol. 1, 876–81.
16. Marsden, History of Sumatra, 150, 154–5, 184.
17. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce, 230–1, 233, 235–7.
18. Katz, “L’Exploitation,” 259.
19. Ptak, “Possible Chinese,” 137.
20. Miksic, “Classical Archaeology,” 59.
21. Miksic, “Archaeology, Trade,” 97: Edwards McKinnon, “Kota Cina,” 31–3.
22. Edwards McKinnon, “Kota Cina,” 340–2.
23. Andaya, To Live as Brothers, 102.
24. Miksic, “Archaeology, Trade,” 97, 106.
25. Nieuwenhuys, Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk, 46.
26. Marsden, History of Sumatra, 381.
27. Edwards McKinnon suggests that the Tamil merchant guild may have
encouraged Chola intervention in Sriwijaya in order to gain economic advantage in
the increasingly international trade flowing through the Straits of Melaka. Edwards
McKinnon, “Mediaeval Tamil,” 88.
28. Soo, “Dissolving Hegemony,” 306–8.
29. Subbarayalu, “Tamil Merchant-Guild,” 30–3; Christie, “Medieval Tamil-
Language,” 257. Joustra explains that “lobu” means “an abandoned settlement.” Joustra,
Batakspiegel, 28. “Lobu Tua,” meaning “the old abandoned settlement,” could have
been an earlier center which later moved to the town of Barus.
30. In Sanskrit the word “kasturi” refers to “musk.” Since musk does not occur in
the Baros area, Subbarayalu has suggested that the term may have been used to refer
symbolically to aromatics in general. Subbarayalu, “Tamil Merchant-Guild,” 31–2;
Edwards McKinnon, “Mediaeval Tamil,” 91.
31. Miksic, “Archaeology, Trade,” 94.
32. Ptak, “Possible Chinese,” 139–40. This may account for Edwards McKinnon’s
speculation based on Chinese ceramic evidence at Lobu Tua that the site was abandoned
around the time Kota Cina was founded. Edwards McKinnon, “Mediaeval
Tamil,” 89.
33. The origin of the name comes from a common Chinese practice of erecting
a fortified enclosure to protect themselves and their goods while awaiting a shift in
monsoon winds to resume their journey to India. Miksic, “Archaeology, Ceramics,”
292.
34. Pulau Kompei on Aru Bay is another important site on the northeast Sumatran
coast that produced trade ceramics in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This is
probably the site of “Kompei” mentioned in Chinese sources as having sent a mission
to China in 662 CE. Wolters has suggested that “P’o-lo,” which also sponsored a mission
to China in the seventh century, was located in northeast Sumatra. On the same
coast, Panai flourished between the tenth and fourteenth centuries and Aru from the
late thirteenth to the early seventeenth centuries. Milner et al. suggest that Aru and
Deli were different names for the same site. According to Tengku Luckman, the kingdom
of Serdang then split off from the old Deli kingdom in the seventeenth century.
Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries Asahan, also on the same coast,
Notes to Pages 148–152
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