Rainfed rice - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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Why is integrated nutrient management needed? The increasing use of chemical fertilisers to increase the production of food and fibre is causing concern for the following reasons: Soils which receive plant nutrients only through chemical fertilisers are showing declining productivity despite being supplied with sufficient nutrients. The decline in productivity can be attributed to the appearance of deficiency in secondary and micronutrients. The deteriorating physical condition of the soil, which is a consequence of the long-term use of chemical fertilisers, especially the nitrogenous ones, aggravates the problem of poor fertiliser nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Excess nitrogen use leads to groundwater and environmental pollution apart from destroying the ozone layer through N 2 O production. The recent energy crisis, high fertiliser cost and low purchasing power of the farming community have made it necessary to rethink alternatives. Unlike chemical fertilisers, organic manure and biofertilisers are available indigenously at cheaper rates. They enhance crop yields per unit of applied nutrients by providing a better physical, chemical and microbial environment conducive to higher productivity. The available quantity of animal excreta and crop and aquatic residues cannot meet the country’s requirements for crop production. Therefore, maximising the usage of organic waste and combining it with chemical fertilisers and biofertilisers in the form of integrated manure appears to be the best alternative. Benefits of integrated nutrient management practices Application of organic manure under rainfed lowland conditions Improves the bulk density of soil up to a layer of 25 cm. Reduces resistance to penetration. Supplements N up to 50% of the nitrogenous requirement of the crop. Increases available N and N and P use efficiency when combined with 100% of the recommended quantity of NPK + biofertilisers. Integrated Nutrient Management Studies in the United States have indicated that increasing incidence of methamolobinarnia (a condition which prevents blood haemoglobin from carrying oxygen to the body cells) was linked to the intensive application of nitrogenous fertilisers. Do you know that? Green manuring through Sesbania aculeata is equivalent to 60 kg inorganic N/ha in rice. Mungbean as a green manure crop for rice is as effective as 80 kg inorganic N/ha. Incorporation of mungbean after picking pods results in a savings of 60 kg inorganic N/ha for the rice crop. Alley cropping of Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Acacia mangium can provide 100-300 kg N/ha per year. Pruning of Sesbania rostrata planted as hedgerows provides 3-4 t/ha dry matter; after decomposition, it releases an average of 70 kg N/ha. 181
RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOK OF BEST PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES IN EASTERN INDIA Particulars NUE (%) Fertilisers Fertilisers + organic manure + biofertilisers 30.17 38.73 Particulars P utilization efficiency (%) Fertilisers Fertilisers manure + organic Fertilisers manure + organic 21.70 25.58 Particulars K apparent use efficiency (%) Fertilisers (50%) 115.12 Fertilisers (50%) + organic manure 124.70 Fertilisers (50%) + organic manure + biofertilisers 138.00 Increases apparent use efficiency of K when combined with 50% of the recommended NPK. Has a residual effect on the next crop. Is quite effective in minimising the adverse effects of Al 3+ and/or Fe 2+ in acidic lateritic soils through the chelation of these ions by organic molecules liberated from FYM in the course of mineralisation. Application of biofertilisers such as azolla or blue-green algae Adds about 25-30 kg N/ha in the soil. Improves bulk density and reduces penetration resistance when it is added with organic manure. Has a residual effect on the next crop . Use of green manuring in crop rotation before transplanting rice Supplements about 50% of the total N requirement of rice. Provides about 75-100% of the crop’s requirement in the case of rainfed lowlands when the requirement for N is relatively low (60-80 kg N/ha). Has a mobilising effect on PK and micronutrients in the soil. Reduces the leaching and gaseous losses of N, thus increasing the efficiency of applied plant nutrients. Can skip the P application to rice when 30 kg P 2 O 5 /ha is applied to the green manure crop. Incorporation of crop residues before rice Provides 20-25 kg N/ha. Improves the soil organic matter. Improves physico-chemical and biological condition of the soil. lnclusion of grain/fodder legumes in the cropping system such as greengram, chickpea, lentil, fieldpea, lathyrus, cowpea, berseem, etc. Contributes as much as 50-60 kg N/ha to the succeeding crop of rice. Contributes about 60 kg N/ha when whole plant of mungbean is incorporated into the soil after picking the pods in the summer season. 182 14.95
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The International Rice Research Ins
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RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOK OF BEST P
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vi Foreword About 45% of the world
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RAINFED RICE A SOURCE BOOK OF BEST
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Utilisation and Management of Natur
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Rice Biodiversity and Genetic Wealt
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32 RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOK OF BES
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Socio-Economic Constraints in Rice
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Developing Sustainable Technologies
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Agro-Ecosystem Analysis for Rainfed
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Agro-Ecosystem Analysis for Rainfed
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Agro-ecosystem analysis Agro-ecosys
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GIS in extrapolation of location-sp
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Rice-growing sub-ecosystems in Sult
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Influence of Agro-Ecosystem Compone
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Principles for Improving and Stabil
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Water management Adopt efficient wa
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Major Cropping Systems and Their Ma
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Major Cropping Systems and Their Ma
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etter in the broadcast and row-seed
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Comparative Analysis of Different C
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Comparative Analysis of Different C
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Flood-prone areas Flood-prone areas
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Boro Rice Cultivation B oro rice cu
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Integration of Boro with DWR When t
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Management of Rice in Flood-Prone A
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Transplant 35-45-day-old seedlings
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Delayed transplanting Seedbed prepa
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Preparing a site Field dikes 1. Pre
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5. Put the feed in hanging trays in
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Crop Establishment Practices in Rai
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11. For medium-duration varieties,
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Crop Establishment Practices in Rai
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Comparative Analysis of Direct Sowi
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Machine transplanting Manual and se
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Direct sowing vs transplanting: a c
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The beushening process Beushening S
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Less cash inputs required Besides n
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Tillage Practices and Implements fo
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Tillage implements Function Bullock
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Improving the Yields of Traditional
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Threats to the erosion of tradition
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Farmers’ Participatory Plant Bree
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Farmers' Participatory Plant Breedi
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Farmers’ Participatory Plant Bree
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Page 142 and 143: Rainfed lowlands Varietal needs for
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Page 146 and 147: Varietal Development: Evaluation an
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Page 154: Some small increases can also be ac
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Page 163 and 164: Rainfed Rice Seed Production System
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Page 179 and 180: Dealing with Decline in Soil Fertil
Page 189: Integrated Nutrient Management What
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Page 197 and 198: Comparative Analysis of Different N
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Page 217 and 218: Indigenous Rainwater Management R a
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Page 227 and 228: Water Saving, Recycling and Sequent
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Cost Effectiveness of Weed Manageme
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240 RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOK OF BE
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Pest Control Alternatives for the R
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Diseases affecting grains Blast Bro
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Pest control in rainfed upland rice
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Pest Control Alternatives for the R
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Gall midge Summer ploughing. Timely
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Disease Management Strategies I n n
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Sheath blight (caused by Rhizoctoni
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Disease Management Strategies Contr
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To know the intensity of the rat po
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Rat Population Dynamics and Managem
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Insecticide Use, Precautions and In
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Insecticide Use, Precautions and in
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First-aid precautions Insecticide U
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hepatic carcinoma; acute liver dama
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Effects of Pesticides on Humans and
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Mechanical practices on IPM Hand-pi
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Participatory Farming Systems Techn
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Annexes
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290 Production staff Editors Nilam
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Rainfed rice - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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