Rainfed rice - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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Effects of Pesticides on Humans and the Environment Soil and water pollution Plants are essential components that produce oxygen and organic matter on which most other life forms depend for food and shelter. Plants are essential in the process of nutrient cycling. The adverse effect of pesticides can directly disturb the structure and function of an ecosystem. Some herbicides can even harm non-targeted plants. Pesticide-mixed effluents may be practically non-toxic to fish, etc., but can injure and kill aquatic vegetation when discharged into water. Water pollution Pesticide residues frequently found in irrigation and drinking water are as follows: Metal-based Non-metal-based Copper Zinc Mercury Arsenic Cyanide Dodecyl benzene Cadmium Chromium Phenol Styrene Chloroform Ammonium chlqride Sodium lauryl sulfate Sulfonic acid Benzene DDT compounds Ammonia Diethylamine Chemicals contaminate groundwater through leaching into the soil and pondwater from plants and soils. Such polluted water causes interference in the intracellular and exo- or endoenzymic activity in the bacteria and causes' toxicity in mammals. ~ 271
RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOK OF BEST PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES IN EASTERN INDIA Banned pesticides The following pesticides are banned in India as per notification of the Government of India letter no. 8-20/97-CIR II dated August 19, 1997. Aldrin Dieldrin Calcium cyanide Chlordane Copper aceto arsenite Dibro mochloropropans (DC CP) Endrin Ethyl mercury chloride Ethyl parathion Heptachlor Menazon Nicotine sulphate manufactured in India for export 272 Nitrofon Paraquat dimethyl sulfate Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Phenyl mercury acetate (PMA) Sodium methane arsonate (SMA) Tetradifon Toxaphene BHC Besides arsenic, nitrite poisoning which comes to the groundwater from urea fertiliser has posed a direct threat to human lives. Urea is converted to nitrate. Nitrate is converted to nitrite and this nitrite comes to the drinking water to an extent of 1000 ppm, causing acute problems in human beings such as child blindness, hepatic ulcer, uterine and breast cancer, drying of bone marrow and cirrhosis of liver. Not only pesticides but also agrochemicals may pollute the drinking water, in both villages and towns, particularly for poor people with low protein intake who are prone to these types of problems. This problem can be mitigated by oxidation of , nitrite-contaminated drinking water through multilayer algal groups or three layers of lime in overhead tanks. Integrated pest management (IPM) - an eco-friendly approach One scientific approach to counter pesticide hazards is the use of IPM. It is the integration of cultural and mechanical methods, use of natural products, behavioural approaches, conservation and augmentation of biological agents and need-based chemicals. Cultural practices on IPM Use healthy seeds. Grow resistant/tolerant varieties. Use summer deep ploughing. Destroy crop residues. Follow proper sowing time and method. Use crop rotations to check pest growth. Maintain optimum plant density. Follow inter-cropping. Grow trap crops and carrier crops. Avoid excessive irrigation and fertilisation. Use water-logging in summer season to kill soil-borne pests and pathogens.
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The International Rice Research Ins
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RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOK OF BEST P
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vi Foreword About 45% of the world
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RAINFED RICE A SOURCE BOOK OF BEST
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Utilisation and Management of Natur
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Rice Biodiversity and Genetic Wealt
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32 RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOK OF BES
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Socio-Economic Constraints in Rice
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Developing Sustainable Technologies
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Agro-Ecosystem Analysis for Rainfed
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Agro-Ecosystem Analysis for Rainfed
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Agro-ecosystem analysis Agro-ecosys
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GIS in extrapolation of location-sp
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Rice-growing sub-ecosystems in Sult
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Influence of Agro-Ecosystem Compone
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Principles for Improving and Stabil
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Water management Adopt efficient wa
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Major Cropping Systems and Their Ma
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Major Cropping Systems and Their Ma
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etter in the broadcast and row-seed
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Comparative Analysis of Different C
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Comparative Analysis of Different C
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Flood-prone areas Flood-prone areas
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Boro Rice Cultivation B oro rice cu
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Integration of Boro with DWR When t
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Management of Rice in Flood-Prone A
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Transplant 35-45-day-old seedlings
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Delayed transplanting Seedbed prepa
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Preparing a site Field dikes 1. Pre
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5. Put the feed in hanging trays in
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Crop Establishment Practices in Rai
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11. For medium-duration varieties,
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Crop Establishment Practices in Rai
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Comparative Analysis of Direct Sowi
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Machine transplanting Manual and se
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Direct sowing vs transplanting: a c
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The beushening process Beushening S
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Less cash inputs required Besides n
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Tillage Practices and Implements fo
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Tillage implements Function Bullock
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Improving the Yields of Traditional
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Threats to the erosion of tradition
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Farmers’ Participatory Plant Bree
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Farmers' Participatory Plant Breedi
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Farmers’ Participatory Plant Bree
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Identification of Donors for Rice B
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Rainfed lowlands Varietal needs for
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Identification of Donors for Rice B
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Varietal Development: Evaluation an
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Trends in varietal improvement In t
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Some small increases can also be ac
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Rainfed Rice Seed Production System
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RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBOOKOF BEST PR
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Influence of High-Quality Seeds on
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Dealing with Decline in Soil Fertil
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Integrated Nutrient Management What
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Comparative Analysis of Different N
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Comparative analysis of different p
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Comparative analysis of different m
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Indigenous Rainwater Management R a
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RAINFED RICE A SOURCEBCOK OF BEST P
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Water Saving, Recycling and Sequent
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Page 232: Weed Management
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Page 245 and 246: Cost Effectiveness of Weed Manageme
Page 252 and 253: Pest Control Alternatives for the R
Page 254 and 255: Diseases affecting grains Blast Bro
Page 256 and 257: Pest control in rainfed upland rice
Page 258 and 259: Pest Control Alternatives for the R
Page 260 and 261: Gall midge Summer ploughing. Timely
Page 262 and 263: Disease Management Strategies I n n
Page 264 and 265: Sheath blight (caused by Rhizoctoni
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Page 268 and 269: To know the intensity of the rat po
Page 270 and 271: Rat Population Dynamics and Managem
Page 272 and 273: Insecticide Use, Precautions and In
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Page 276 and 277: First-aid precautions Insecticide U
Page 278 and 279: hepatic carcinoma; acute liver dama
Page 282: Mechanical practices on IPM Hand-pi
Page 286: Participatory Farming Systems Techn
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Page 301 and 302: 290 Production staff Editors Nilam
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Rainfed rice - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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