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Britain's Meddling in Iran Britain has long been involved in meddling in Persian affairs. Over the course of the 19th century, the importance of Persia grew in direct proportion to the ambitions of the British Empire. Britain regarded Persia, with its key, central location, as the logical extension of its Indian possessions. In the face of a wave of anti-imperialist sentiment, Britain used a policy of "divide and rule," aimed at destroying the central government's authority by encouraging and arming tribal chiefs and warlords to resist any attempt by the shahs to assert authority over southern Persia. The furor of the Persian people culminated in the Constitutional Revolution of 1906-1907, a response to the impotency of the Iranian autocracy in the face of the escalating imperial encroachments of Britain, which overthrew the monarchy. The constitutionalists' quest to transform Persia into a modern nationstate was crushed by the signing of the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907. The bilateral accord (Iranians had no say in it) split the nation into three sections: two "spheres of influence" divided by a central "neutral zone," over which the Iranian parliament, or Majlis, nominally retained sovereignty. The pact granted the agents of either empire exclusive control over the disposition of the natural resources contained within their respective "sphere." The geo-strategic importance of Persia to the British Empire escalated in 1908, with the discovery of vast petroleum deposits within the British sphere of influence. An infusion of materiel from Britain allowed the Iranian army, under Reza Mizra Khan's personal command, to successfully invade and occupy the former Russian sphere of influence. Backed by the British, Reza Khan dropped all pretense of constitutional rule and had himself crowned shah of Iran on December 13, 1925, establishing the Pahlavi dynasty. As everyone knows, the monarchy was ousted again, this time by the mullahs, in recent history, so that Iran is now an Islamic republic. For Iranians, democracy is not a new idea but an ongoing struggle. For a century, this Middle East Muslim country has sought democracy, only to see its efforts twice stamped out by Western powers. The time has come for Britain, and the West in general, to stop meddling in the affairs of Iran.
THE COUP TAKES SHAPE. Above, at the height of the coup d'etat, chaos engulfed Tehran as protesters, many of whom were on the payroll of CIA and British agents, ran throughout the streets, looting and setting fire to buildings. Above, pro-Shah forces, guarded by club-wielding thugs, parade a tank through the streets of Tehran, announcing the return of the Shah.
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Published by American Free Press, T
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........
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PREFACE IN OCTOBER 2003, WHILE VISI
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PREFACE 9 only minimal redactions.
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HISTORIAN'S NOTE THIS STUDY WAS ORI
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1 PRELIMINARY STEPS REPRESENTATIVES
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PRELIMINARY STEPS 15 Subsequent con
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2 DRAFTING THE PLAN NEAR THE END OF
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DRAFTING THE PLAN 19 of the assets
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DRAFTING THE PLAN 21 proved to be a
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3 THE OPERATIONAL PLAN ON THE AFTER
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OPERATIONAL PLAN 25 the approval or
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4 ACTIVITY B E G I N S SINCE THE ME
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ACTIVITY BEGINS 29 important factor
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ACTIVITY B E G I N S 31 da aspects
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5 MOUNTING PRESSURE AGAINST THE SHA
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MOUNTING PRESSURE 35 tain dates, wa
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MOUNTING PRESSURE 37 ative, for the
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MOUNTING PRESSURE 39 would constitu
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MOUNTING PRESSURE 41 were unnecessa
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MOUNTING PRESSURE 43 Zahedi; accord
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6 THE F I R S T TRY THE PRECISE ORD
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THE FIRST TRY 47 their operation, M
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THE RASHIDIAN BROTHERS THREE IRANIA
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7 APPARENT F A I L U R E AT 0545 HO
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APPARENT FAILURE 53 had been "authe
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APPARENT FAILURE 55 Persian typewri
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APPARENT FAILURE 57 not be consider
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APPARENT FAILURE 59 thing to do?" A
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APPARENT FAILURE 61 cerning his fut
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APPARENT F A I L U R E 63 ning for
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APPARENT FAILURE 65 and Headquarter
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8 THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS WHILE ON T
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THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 69 to the op
Page 72 and 73: THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 71 bore full
Page 74 and 75: THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 73 loyal to
Page 76 and 77: THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 75 for it ca
Page 78 and 79: 9 REPORT TO LONDON ROOSEVELT ARRIVE
Page 80 and 81: REPORT TO LONDON 79 scious of the p
Page 82 and 83: REPORT TO LONDON 81 glee with a fol
Page 84 and 85: 10 WHAT WAS LEARNED FROM THE OPERAT
Page 86 and 87: WHAT WAS LEARNED 85 engaged in Midd
Page 88 and 89: WHAT WAS LEARNED 87 tion felt was s
Page 90 and 91: WHAT WAS LEARNED 89 it would have b
Page 92 and 93: APPENDICES APPENDIX A: INITIAL OPER
Page 94 and 95: APPENDIX A Initial Operation Plan f
Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX A 95 A. After agreement wi
Page 98 and 99: press and propaganda who will: APPE
Page 100 and 101: THE FIGHT OVER I R A N ' S OIL CIA
Page 102 and 103: I. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX B London D
Page 104 and 105: APPENDIX B 103 coup the best chance
Page 106 and 107: APPENDIX B 105 2. Second Stage: Wit
Page 108 and 109: APPENDIX B 107 merits the Shah may
Page 110 and 111: APPENDIX B 109 National Bank and it
Page 112 and 113: APPENDIX B 111 Phase 2. A massive p
Page 114 and 115: APPENDIX B 113 Its basic aim will b
Page 116 and 117: APPENDIX B 115 (2) Other religious
Page 118 and 119: APPENDIX B 117 C. If the coup is no
Page 120 and 121: APPENDIX C Foreign Office Memorandu
Page 124 and 125: APPENDIX D Report on Military Plann
Page 126 and 127: APPENDIX D 125 drawn primarily from
Page 128 and 129: APPENDIX D 127 other British Army o
Page 130 and 131: APPENDIX D 129 and Carroll agreed t
Page 132 and 133: APPENDIX D 131 Colonel Ashrafi, Mil
Page 134 and 135: APPENDIX D 133 Zahedi, and General
Page 136 and 137: APPENDIX E Military Critique Lesson
Page 138 and 139: APPENDIX E 137 ferent in each case,
Page 140 and 141: APPENDIX E 139 officers in command
Page 142 and 143: APPENDIX E 141 must be seized or pr
Page 144 and 145: APPENDIX E 143 has been wounded, ar
Page 146 and 147: APPENDIX E 145 ly forces should be
Page 148 and 149: A P P E N D I X E 147 • The possi
Page 150 and 151: SUMMARY 149 covert operations. In A
Page 152 and 153: SUMMARY 151 dismissing Mossadeq, ap
Page 154: SUMMARY 153 as well as certain prov
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