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MOUNTING PRESSURE 35 tain dates, was followed. In London the necessary arrangements had been made by Darbyshire to send the phrase over the BBC. On 30 July and again on the 31st the Shah saw Asadollah Rashidian. He had heard the broadcast, but he requested time to assess the situation. Asadollah was, however, able to prepare the Shah for the visit of the American emissary, General Schwarzkopf, and to stress the point that this emissary would repeat the message and, hence, give an additional guarantee of the close collaboration between the United Kingdom and the United States in this undertaking. Schwarzkopf had been chosen by the drafters of the operational plan because of the fact that he had enjoyed the friendship and respect of the Shah in the period from 1942 until 1948 when he headed the U.S. Military Mission to the Iranian Gendarmerie. Approached on 26 June 1953 by John Waller, Chief of NE/4, and briefed at Headquarters on 19 July, Schwarzkopf took to his mission with relish. He said that he had a reputation with the Shah for telling him unpleasant truths that others withheld from him, and he stated that he was sure he could get the required cooperation from the Shah. Schwarzkopf was given a cover mission consisting of a short tour to Lebanon, Pakistan, and Egypt so that his visit to Tehran would appear as a brief stop en route to a principal destination. Schwarzkopf left by air for Beirut on 21 July. Schwarzkopf's mission was to obtain from the Shah the three papers which are described more fully in the operational plan. They were: (1) a farman naming Zahedi as Chief of Staff, (2) a letter indicating his faith in Zahedi which the latter could employ to recruit army officers for the plan in the name of the Shah, and (3) a farman calling on all ranks of the army to support his legal Chief of Staff. It was felt that it would be easier to get the Shah to sign such statements than to issue a farman dismissing Mossadeq. It was also believed that the action of replacing Mossadeq would be initiated through the Majlis. Certain events of 21 July at Tehran both shocked and aroused from their attitude of complacency the more conservative elements which had firmly supported Mossadeq.
36 THE CIA IN IRAN Demonstrations marked the anniversary of rioting against the government of [previous prime minister] Qavam and of efforts made at that time, two years earlier, to settle the oil issue. However, it was obvious to all that the number of Tudeh participants far outnumbered those assembled by the National Front, and it was this fact more than anything else which alerted the thinking public to the strength acquired by the Tudeh under the Mossadeq government. At this time station personnel were active on several fronts. The propaganda campaign against Mossadeq was now gaining momentum. [REDACTED] owner of [REDACTED] was granted a personal loan of some $45,000 on signed notes in the belief that this would make his organ amenable to our purposes. Headquarters-prepared propaganda material was turned over by the station to Asadollah Rashidian, and by the end of the month an entirely separate and especially planned campaign in favor of the Shah as opposed to Mossadeq was under way in Azerbaijan. The parallel and alternative plan of keeping in close touch with the [REDACTED] combination for the purposes of diverting their attention from Ajax and of discovering the plans and strength of this group remained in effect. Talks with the [REDACTED] continued. At one point the station suggested sending one of the brothers to this country, and Headquarters made an immediate investigation of the mechanics required for making such a trip. The SIS was informed of these talks, and they suggested that their facilities might be used to stir up tribal revolts in the homeland of the [REDACTED]. The station was now in direct contact with Zahedi, who had left his sanctuary in the Majlis on 21 July. After several meetings Station Chief Goiran and Station Chief Designate Goodwin reported that Zahedi appeared lacking in drive, energy, and concrete plans. They concluded that he must be closely guided and that the necessary plans must be made for him. By 26 July a number of key individuals had moved into position: Roosevelt and Schwarzkopf were at Tehran, Leavitt had been at Nicosia for several days, and Ambassador Henderson had come to rest at Salzburg, where he was to remain, anxious but cooper-
Page 2 and 3: Published by American Free Press, T
Page 4 and 5: DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE IN OCTOBER 2003, WHILE VISI
Page 10 and 11: PREFACE 9 only minimal redactions.
Page 12 and 13: HISTORIAN'S NOTE THIS STUDY WAS ORI
Page 14 and 15: 1 PRELIMINARY STEPS REPRESENTATIVES
Page 16 and 17: PRELIMINARY STEPS 15 Subsequent con
Page 18 and 19: 2 DRAFTING THE PLAN NEAR THE END OF
Page 20 and 21: DRAFTING THE PLAN 19 of the assets
Page 22 and 23: DRAFTING THE PLAN 21 proved to be a
Page 24 and 25: 3 THE OPERATIONAL PLAN ON THE AFTER
Page 26 and 27: OPERATIONAL PLAN 25 the approval or
Page 28 and 29: 4 ACTIVITY B E G I N S SINCE THE ME
Page 30 and 31: ACTIVITY BEGINS 29 important factor
Page 32 and 33: ACTIVITY B E G I N S 31 da aspects
Page 34 and 35: 5 MOUNTING PRESSURE AGAINST THE SHA
Page 38 and 39: MOUNTING PRESSURE 37 ative, for the
Page 40 and 41: MOUNTING PRESSURE 39 would constitu
Page 42 and 43: MOUNTING PRESSURE 41 were unnecessa
Page 44 and 45: MOUNTING PRESSURE 43 Zahedi; accord
Page 46 and 47: 6 THE F I R S T TRY THE PRECISE ORD
Page 48 and 49: THE FIRST TRY 47 their operation, M
Page 50 and 51: THE RASHIDIAN BROTHERS THREE IRANIA
Page 52 and 53: 7 APPARENT F A I L U R E AT 0545 HO
Page 54 and 55: APPARENT FAILURE 53 had been "authe
Page 56 and 57: APPARENT FAILURE 55 Persian typewri
Page 58 and 59: APPARENT FAILURE 57 not be consider
Page 60 and 61: APPARENT FAILURE 59 thing to do?" A
Page 62 and 63: APPARENT FAILURE 61 cerning his fut
Page 64 and 65: APPARENT F A I L U R E 63 ning for
Page 66 and 67: APPARENT FAILURE 65 and Headquarter
Page 68 and 69: 8 THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS WHILE ON T
Page 70 and 71: THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 69 to the op
Page 72 and 73: THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 71 bore full
Page 74 and 75: THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 73 loyal to
Page 76 and 77: THE SHAH IS VICTORIOUS 75 for it ca
Page 78 and 79: 9 REPORT TO LONDON ROOSEVELT ARRIVE
Page 80 and 81: REPORT TO LONDON 79 scious of the p
Page 82 and 83: REPORT TO LONDON 81 glee with a fol
Page 84 and 85: 10 WHAT WAS LEARNED FROM THE OPERAT
Page 86 and 87:
WHAT WAS LEARNED 85 engaged in Midd
Page 88 and 89:
WHAT WAS LEARNED 87 tion felt was s
Page 90 and 91:
WHAT WAS LEARNED 89 it would have b
Page 92 and 93:
APPENDICES APPENDIX A: INITIAL OPER
Page 94 and 95:
APPENDIX A Initial Operation Plan f
Page 96 and 97:
APPENDIX A 95 A. After agreement wi
Page 98 and 99:
press and propaganda who will: APPE
Page 100 and 101:
THE FIGHT OVER I R A N ' S OIL CIA
Page 102 and 103:
I. INTRODUCTION APPENDIX B London D
Page 104 and 105:
APPENDIX B 103 coup the best chance
Page 106 and 107:
APPENDIX B 105 2. Second Stage: Wit
Page 108 and 109:
APPENDIX B 107 merits the Shah may
Page 110 and 111:
APPENDIX B 109 National Bank and it
Page 112 and 113:
APPENDIX B 111 Phase 2. A massive p
Page 114 and 115:
APPENDIX B 113 Its basic aim will b
Page 116 and 117:
APPENDIX B 115 (2) Other religious
Page 118 and 119:
APPENDIX B 117 C. If the coup is no
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APPENDIX C Foreign Office Memorandu
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Britain's Meddling in Iran Britain
Page 124 and 125:
APPENDIX D Report on Military Plann
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APPENDIX D 125 drawn primarily from
Page 128 and 129:
APPENDIX D 127 other British Army o
Page 130 and 131:
APPENDIX D 129 and Carroll agreed t
Page 132 and 133:
APPENDIX D 131 Colonel Ashrafi, Mil
Page 134 and 135:
APPENDIX D 133 Zahedi, and General
Page 136 and 137:
APPENDIX E Military Critique Lesson
Page 138 and 139:
APPENDIX E 137 ferent in each case,
Page 140 and 141:
APPENDIX E 139 officers in command
Page 142 and 143:
APPENDIX E 141 must be seized or pr
Page 144 and 145:
APPENDIX E 143 has been wounded, ar
Page 146 and 147:
APPENDIX E 145 ly forces should be
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A P P E N D I X E 147 • The possi
Page 150 and 151:
SUMMARY 149 covert operations. In A
Page 152 and 153:
SUMMARY 151 dismissing Mossadeq, ap
Page 154:
SUMMARY 153 as well as certain prov
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