Foucault, Biopolitics, and Governmentality

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FOUCAULT AND LACAN: WHO IS MASTER? submission but also acts of truth, which have the peculiar requirement not just that the subject tell the truth but that he tell the truth about himself, his faults, his desires, the state of the soul, and so on?” 21 In the text, Foucault analyzes the practice of confession integral to the Christian heritage—the very practice of confession that, in The History of Sexuality, is considered to be developed in psychoanalysis. As we have shown, however, the question of the subject in psychoanalysis has less to do with confession than with transference: the analyst will not listen so much to what is being said, or being confessed, but rather will ask: “who is talking?” It is a question that traces out a structure in which the subject is the product of a law. If we implicate the Who as a particular instance of a discourse—in which the subject is split, dislocated, and displaced—it will always be submitted to such a law, a law that in turn is productive of the desire that manifests itself in the phenomenon of transference. It must be the case, then, that if Foucault is talking about the subject as a product of governmentality, it is a product of submission, of the laws and the norms that produce the splits and displacements that follow every attempt to reformulate the conditions of the self. However, in Foucault, the historical evidence that speaks in favor of the self is overwhelming: the split of the self is a question of technology and of development, not of structural necessity. As we have shown, both Lacan and Foucault work with the assumption that there is a limited amount of freedom to be had for the split subject, but there is at least some. Moreover, both Lacan and Foucault work with the assumption that the concept of technology can be used in understanding how the self can be restructured in relation to the laws and the norms that will help produce it. The question that remains to be answered is: is there a concept of transference present in Foucault? In her book, Giving an Account of Oneself, Judith Butler argues that the presentation of the self is always engaged in transference. It is not just an aspect of analysis, but of human interaction. The I addresses a you, and both are affected in the process. Transference alters the question “who are you?” because the You can never be known. It is both the you of the analyst and something beyond, and so the question is returned to the self; there is no Other that can answer the question. The question of the Other is not intertwined with the formation of the self. It is impinged from the outside before any self can appear. The first problem of psychoanalysis, then, is not the opening towards alterity. It is, rather, building an I from too much other- 21 Foucault, Essential Works, Vol. 1, 81. 153
CECILIA SJÖHOLM ness. 22 It is from this perspective that we must consider Foucault’s critique against psychoanalysis. The problem of psychoanalysis is not the unconscious or the unknown. It is, rather, that the talking cure dissolves any possibility of forming a self. To Foucault the question is not that of the desire of the Other, but: “what can I become?” It is in formulating a self, in recapturing the possibility of a subject that is not split, that freedom can be recuperated. 22 Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself, 72. 154
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Foucault, Biopolitics, and Governme
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Contents Introduction: Foucault, Bi
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INTRODUCTION point, and we find res
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INTRODUCTION stantially new recepti
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INTRODUCTION the body politic, whic
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INTRODUCTION 3) Enlightenment and m
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INTRODUCTION at least in Cynicism,
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INTRODUCTION i.e. as a juridical pr
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INTRODUCTION undergoes instead a de
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INTRODUCTION unsure about how to ha
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INTRODUCTION economy, which displac
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INTRODUCTION The two main cases tha
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INTRODUCTION like a sign of bad fai
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INTRODUCTION them as residual and m
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INTRODUCTION munity, and individual
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INTRODUCTION contemporary subjectiv
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THOMAS LEMKE Over the last twenty y
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THOMAS LEMKE In this article I will
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THOMAS LEMKE very much political; t
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THOMAS LEMKE Programs, strategies,
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THOMAS LEMKE Thus it seems the focu
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THOMAS LEMKE social movements of hi
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THOMAS LEMKE The principal focus of
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THOMAS LEMKE However, there is anot
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THOMAS LEMKE narrative to be used f
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JOHANNA OKSALA not merely as an eco
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JOHANNA OKSALA Reagan and Thatcher
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JOHANNA OKSALA The market had been
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JOHANNA OKSALA This regime also imp
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JOHANNA OKSALA liberalism and neoli
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JOHANNA OKSALA discussion of neolib
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JOHANNA OKSALA game for self-intere
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JOHANNA OKSALA been given ad hoc in
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JOHANNA OKSALA the terms of the opp
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Biopolitical Life Catherine Mills A
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE particular, the t
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE recognises beatit
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE heroic conditions
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE Nazism, Esposito
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE given environment
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE complete vitalisa
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE Foucault suggests
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE that different so
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Towards an Affirmative Biopolitics
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TOWARDS AN AFFIRMATIVE BIOPOLITICS
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Page 104 and 105: TOWARDS AN AFFIRMATIVE BIOPOLITICS
Page 106 and 107: Biopolitics of Scale: Architecture,
Page 108: BIOPOLITICS OF SCALE Hansen’s pro
Page 111 and 112: Image 2: Oskar Hansen, “Poland’
Page 113 and 114: Image 4: Oskar Hansen, “Western B
Page 115 and 116: Image 6: “Diagram of human relati
Page 117 and 118: ŁUKASZ STANEK scales as increasing
Page 119 and 120: ŁUKASZ STANEK unit, defined princi
Page 121 and 122: ŁUKASZ STANEK interrelationship wa
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Page 125 and 126: HELENA MATTSSON tecture as a set of
Page 127 and 128: HELENA MATTSSON materials and displ
Page 129 and 130: HELENA MATTSSON though they are not
Page 131 and 132: HELENA MATTSSON experiences: it was
Page 134 and 135: Neuropower: Is Resistance Fertile?
Page 136 and 137: NEUROPOWER: IS RESISTANCE FERTILE?
Page 146 and 147: Foucault and Lacan: Who is Master?
Page 148 and 149: FOUCAULT AND LACAN: WHO IS MASTER?
Page 156 and 157: Enunciation and Politics A Parallel
Page 158 and 159: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS is no long
Page 160 and 161: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS Parrhesia
Page 162 and 163: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS risk of ta
Page 164 and 165: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS These argu
Page 166 and 167: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS That which
Page 168 and 169: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS Logos and
Page 170 and 171: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS other hand
Page 172 and 173: ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS Foucault t
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Page 177 and 178: ADEENA MEY Rancière: The distribut
Page 179 and 180: ADEENA MEY Foucault, namely that of
Page 181 and 182: ADEENA MEY different way of being.
Page 183 and 184: ADEENA MEY whom the affirmation of
Page 186 and 187: Roundtable Sven-Olov Wallenstein Bi
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Page 192 and 193: ROUNDTABLE self does that at certai
Page 194 and 195: ROUNDTABLE what could the referent
Page 196 and 197: ROUNDTABLE Vikki Bell I have to con
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Page 200 and 201: ROUNDTABLE Johanna Oksala Thanks, J
Page 202 and 203: Authors Maurizio Lazzarato is socio
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AUTHORS Julian Reid has taught at t
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Foucault, Biopolitics, and Governmentality

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