Foucault, Biopolitics, and Governmentality

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Foucault, Politics, and Failure A Critical Review of Studies of Governmentality Thomas Lemke Foucault’s work on governmentality, alongside his lectures of 1978 and 1979, delivered at the Collège de France, 1 have inspired many historical investigations as well as studies in the social sciences. The first to further elaborate and develop this “direction for research,” 2 were his fellow researchers: François Ewald, Daniel Defert, Giovanna Procacci, Pasquale Pasquino and Jacques Donzelot, all of whom carried out genealogical investigations into insurance technology, social economy, police science, and the government of the family. 3 Their work mainly focused on the transformations of governmental technologies during the nineteenth century, while French historians like Dominique Séglard, Christian Lazzeri, Dominique Reynié and Michel Senellart used the notion of government to analyze State Reason and early modern arts of government. 4 1 Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–78 (New York: Palgrave, 2007), and The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–79 (New York: Palgrave, 2008). 2 Michel Foucault, “Omnes et Singulatim: Toward a Critique of Political Reason,” in James D. Faubion (ed.), Power, trans. R. Hurley et al (New York: The New Press, 2000), 325. 3 Jacques Donzelot, L’invention du social: Essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984); Daniel Defert, “’Popular Life’ and Insurance Technology,” in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordin, and Peter Miller (eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); Pasquale Pasquino, “Criminology: The Birth of a Special Knowledge,” ibid; François Ewald, Histoire de l’État providence (Paris: Grasset, 1996); Giovanna Procacci, Gouverner la misère: La question sociale en France 1789-1848 (Paris: Seuil, 1993). 4 See Christian Lazzeri and Dominique Reynié (eds.), La raison d’état: Politique et rationalité (Paris: PUF, 1992); Dominique Séglard, “Foucault et le problème du gouvernement,” in ibid; Michel Senellart, “Michel Foucault: ‘Gouvernementalité’ et raison d’Etat,” Penseé Politique 1 (1993): 276-303; Yves-Charles Zarka (ed.), Raison et déraison d’Etat (Paris: PUF, 1994). 35
THOMAS LEMKE Over the last twenty years, however, a new line of reception has taken form in the English-speaking world. While the interest of the French scholars was either genealogical or historical, what has come to be called “Governmentality studies” has mainly addressed contemporary forms of government, focusing, for example, on transformations from welfarism to neo-liberal rationalities and technologies. The publication of the collection The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality from 1991 was, in this respect, a significant event. The volume, co-edited by Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter Miller, presented English translations of Foucault's already published lecture of 1978, entitled “Governmentality,” 5 as well as other important texts. It also made available articles by researchers directly affiliated with Foucault (Defert, Ewald and Donzelot), bringing them together with Anglophones, such as Colin Gordon, Graham Burchell and Ian Hacking. 6 The Foucault Effect marked the beginning of a renewed interest in Foucault’s work, particularly in Britain, Australia and Canada. In the following years a great number of studies were published, mostly focusing on the rise of neo-liberal forms of government. 7 This interest was not isolated to the Anglo-American context; it applies equally to Scandinavia, Germany, France and in other countries where scholars have sought both to refine and extend Foucault’s work on governmentality as an effective means to critically analyze political technologies and rationalities in contemporary societies. 8 5 Michel Foucault, “Governmentality,” in Burchell et al, The Foucault Effect. 6 As one of the editors, Colin Gordon, frankly admitted nearly 20 years after the publication of the book, the The Foucault Effect was “an attempt to construct a plane of consistence between the work of individuals who, in some cases, had never met, and in others were no longer collaborators or desiring to be perceived as such.” Jacques Donzelot and Colin Gordon “Governing Liberal Societies: The Foucault Effect in the English- Speaking World,” Foucault Studies 5 (2008): 48-62, citation at 50. What is more, apart from the editors and Foucault, no contributor to the volume explicitly used the term “governmentality.” See Sylvain Meyet, “Les trajectoires d'un texte: ‘La gouvernementalité’ de Michel Foucault,” in Sylvain Meyet, Marie-Cécile Naves, and Thomas Ribemont (eds.), Travailler avec Foucault: Retours sur le politique (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2005). 7 See e.g. Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas Rose (eds.), Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism and Rationalities of Government (London: UCL Press, 1996); Mitchell Dean and Barry Hindess (eds.), Governing Australia: Studies in Contemporary Rationalities of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Mitchell Dean and Paul Henman, “Governing Society Today: Editors’ Introduction,” Alternatives 29 (2004): 483-94. 8 See e.g. Ulrich Bröckling, Susanne Krasmann, and Thomas Lemke (eds.), Gouvernementalität der Gegenwart: Studien zur Ökonomisierung des Sozialen (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2000), and Glossar der Gegenwart (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2004); Lene Koch, “The Government of Genetic Knowledge,” in Susanne Lundin and Lynn 36
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Page 6: Contents Introduction: Foucault, Bi
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION point, and we find res
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION stantially new recepti
Page 13 and 14: INTRODUCTION the body politic, whic
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION 3) Enlightenment and m
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION at least in Cynicism,
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION i.e. as a juridical pr
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION undergoes instead a de
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION unsure about how to ha
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION economy, which displac
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION The two main cases tha
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION like a sign of bad fai
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION them as residual and m
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION munity, and individual
Page 35: INTRODUCTION contemporary subjectiv
Page 39 and 40: THOMAS LEMKE In this article I will
Page 41 and 42: THOMAS LEMKE very much political; t
Page 43 and 44: THOMAS LEMKE Programs, strategies,
Page 45 and 46: THOMAS LEMKE Thus it seems the focu
Page 47 and 48: THOMAS LEMKE social movements of hi
Page 49 and 50: THOMAS LEMKE The principal focus of
Page 51 and 52: THOMAS LEMKE However, there is anot
Page 53 and 54: THOMAS LEMKE narrative to be used f
Page 55 and 56: JOHANNA OKSALA not merely as an eco
Page 57 and 58: JOHANNA OKSALA Reagan and Thatcher
Page 59 and 60: JOHANNA OKSALA The market had been
Page 61 and 62: JOHANNA OKSALA This regime also imp
Page 63 and 64: JOHANNA OKSALA liberalism and neoli
Page 65 and 66: JOHANNA OKSALA discussion of neolib
Page 67 and 68: JOHANNA OKSALA game for self-intere
Page 69 and 70: JOHANNA OKSALA been given ad hoc in
Page 71 and 72: JOHANNA OKSALA the terms of the opp
Page 74 and 75: Biopolitical Life Catherine Mills A
Page 76 and 77: BIOPOLITICAL LIFE particular, the t
Page 78 and 79: BIOPOLITICAL LIFE recognises beatit
Page 80 and 81: BIOPOLITICAL LIFE heroic conditions
Page 82 and 83: BIOPOLITICAL LIFE Nazism, Esposito
Page 84 and 85: BIOPOLITICAL LIFE given environment
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE complete vitalisa
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE Foucault suggests
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BIOPOLITICAL LIFE that different so
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Towards an Affirmative Biopolitics
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TOWARDS AN AFFIRMATIVE BIOPOLITICS
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Biopolitics of Scale: Architecture,
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BIOPOLITICS OF SCALE Hansen’s pro
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Image 2: Oskar Hansen, “Poland’
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Image 4: Oskar Hansen, “Western B
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Image 6: “Diagram of human relati
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ŁUKASZ STANEK scales as increasing
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ŁUKASZ STANEK unit, defined princi
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ŁUKASZ STANEK interrelationship wa
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ŁUKASZ STANEK in France, Netherlan
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HELENA MATTSSON tecture as a set of
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HELENA MATTSSON materials and displ
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HELENA MATTSSON though they are not
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HELENA MATTSSON experiences: it was
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Neuropower: Is Resistance Fertile?
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NEUROPOWER: IS RESISTANCE FERTILE?
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Foucault and Lacan: Who is Master?
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FOUCAULT AND LACAN: WHO IS MASTER?
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Enunciation and Politics A Parallel
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS is no long
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS Parrhesia
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS risk of ta
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS These argu
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS That which
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS Logos and
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS other hand
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS Foucault t
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ENUNCIATION AND POLITICS cracy, sin
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ADEENA MEY Rancière: The distribut
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ADEENA MEY Foucault, namely that of
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ADEENA MEY different way of being.
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ADEENA MEY whom the affirmation of
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Roundtable Sven-Olov Wallenstein Bi
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ROUNDTABLE that engenders an immedi
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ROUNDTABLE on the relation between
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ROUNDTABLE self does that at certai
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ROUNDTABLE what could the referent
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ROUNDTABLE Vikki Bell I have to con
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ROUNDTABLE everything changes after
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ROUNDTABLE Johanna Oksala Thanks, J
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Authors Maurizio Lazzarato is socio
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AUTHORS Julian Reid has taught at t
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Foucault, Biopolitics, and Governme
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