Invasive alien species in Switzerland - Schweizer ...

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An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland FOEN 2006 118 clude the use of nematodes and runner ducks (a special breed of the mallard) as biological control agents, as well as hand-picking. The latter approach, although very laborious, was successfully used to eradicate the giant African snail (Achatina fulica Bowdich) in Florida, USA (Simberloff, 1996). This was a remarkable achievement. Slug fences and beer traps are often used in gardens. However, these methods are usually used to protect plants at a specific location and are not designed to reduce numbers of snails and slugs of environmental concern on a large scale. In conclusion, the freshwater ecosystems need to receive more attention and the potential impacts of alien invaders should not be underrated. It is generally very difficult to give conclusive proof of the impacts of invasive species on native biodiversity. However, many of the freshwater invaders reach remarkable densities and will have impacts on natural ecosystems. These invaders are not only molluscs, but often crustaceans and fish (see respective chapters). The boom-and-bust phenomenon (Williamson, 1996) that is frequently observed with many invading species seems often to be caused in European freshwater systems by the arrival of yet another invader. Thus, this does not solve the problem, but simply shifts it to another invader and its impacts. In a terrestrial context, the slug Arion lusitanicus is probably of greatest concern in Switzerland (and Central Europe). Tab. 6.2 > Established alien molluscs in Switzerland. Scientific name Family Year Origin Pathway Impact Note Terrestrial snails Solatopupa similis Chondrinidae 19th Genoa, Italy Released to enrich Probably harmless Only one location near Lo- (Bruguière) century fauna carno, Ticino Milax gagates (Drapar- Milacidae 1968 Western and Accidental with vegeta- Pest in crops and gardens Not clear whether established naud) southern Europe bles shipment? or only repeatedly introduced Tandonia budapesten- Milacidae 1935 South-eastern Accidental with vegeta- Pest, in particular in winter crops, Anthropochorous – introduced sis (Hazay) Europe bles shipment? when abundant widely by human-mediated transport Limacus flavus (L.) Limacidae 1927 Mediterranean Accidental Harmless Very rare in Switzerland, mostly synanthropic Deroceras sturanyi Agriolimacidae 1963 South-eastern Accidental Damage to plants in gardens Mostly secondary habitats (Simroth) Europe Deroceras panormita- Agriolimacidae 1982 South-western Accidental Future damage anticipated Very rare in Switzerland, only in num (Lessona & Pollonera) Europe gardens and parks Boettgerilla pallens Boetgerillidae 1960 Caucasus? Accidental Predator of native slugs? Impact not known, but a Simroth predator of slugs Arion lusitanicus Mabille Arionidae 1950s Western Accidental Most serious pest in gardens and Most problematic terrestrial Europe agriculture Displaces native Arion rufus (L.) snail
6 > Molluscs – Mollusca 119 Scientific name Hygromia cinctella (Draparnaud) Cryptomphalus asperus (O.F. Müller) Freshwater snails Family Year Origin Pathway Impact Note Hygromiidae 1824? Mediterranean Accidental Harmless Perhaps native in southern and south-western Switzerland, but introduced to the northern parts Helicidae Before 1789 Viviparus ater (Molina) Viviparidae Before 1900 Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) Physella acuta (Draparnaud) Physella heterostropha (Say) South-western Europe South Switzerland Released Garden pest Mainly synanthropic, but also found in natural habitats Accidental introduction with boat traffic Hydrobiidae 1972 New Zealand Accidental introduction with boat traffic and birds Physidae 1848 South-western Europe Physidae Before 1991 Accidental release from aquariums? Gyraulus parvus (Say) Planorbidae 1994 North America Accidental with aquatic plants Planorbarius corneus (L.) Bivalves Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller) Corbicula fluminea (O.F. Müller) Probably harmless Native in southern Switzerland Can drastically alter primary production Rapid expansion throughout Europe Not known Maybe of North American origin North America Accidental Competition with native snails? Expanding in Europe Not known Rare in Switzerland Planorbidae 1840 Europe Releases from aquariums Probably harmless Perhaps not established Corbiculidae 1997 Asia, introduced via North America Corbiculidae 1997 Asia, introduced via North America Probably ballast water Competition with native bivalves The two Corbicula species are very similar Probably ballast water Competition with native bivalves The two Corbicula species are very similar Dreissena polymorpha Dreissenidae 1850 Ponto– Probably ballast water Ecosystem engineer. Species of high concern (Pallas) Caspian and/or hull fouling Overgrows native mussel species region .Costs to prevent them clogging pipes, etc. are fairly small compared with North America
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