Invasive alien species in Switzerland - Schweizer ...

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An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland FOEN 2006 122 emptying into the Atlantic, as its life history involves spawning grounds in the Sargasso Sea. It has itself been introduced to some parts of Europe, e.g. the Danube basin. The construction of the Rhine–Danube Canal opened the way from the Rhine, where it is native, to the Danube basin. Another nematode was accidentally introduced into Europe together with its North American host, i.e. Baylisascaris procyonis (Stefanski & Zarnowski) with the raccoon, Procyon lotor (L.) (see mammal chapter). This species is of concern for human health. 7.2 Flatworms – Turbellaria, Plathelminthes In the group Turbellaria (part of the Plathelminthes), one species is an abundant alien inhabitant of lakes and rivers, including the Rhine in Switzerland. The predatory aquatic flatworm Dugesia tigrina (Gerard) is abundant and widespread in standing and slow-moving water bodies in Europe (Pöckl and Rabitsch, 2002). It was probably introduced on aquarium plants or fish from North America around 1900. Although this species is found in high densities, a negative impact has not (yet) been shown. Other flatworms of environmental concern are terrestrial. The New Zealand flatworm (Artioposthia triangulate (Dendy)) (see Fact Sheet) serves as an example of several predatory flatworm species introduced into Europe from New Zealand and Australia. Native earthworms are a major prey for these flatworms. Earthworms play an important role in nutrient cycling in soil, so that their reduction could lead to ecosystem changes. They are also a significant element of vertebrate prey. 7.3 Segmented worms – Annelida The Ponto–Caspian invaders in European waters are an interesting group – see the Crustacea Chapter for more information. The annelid polychaete worm Hypania invalida (Grube) has become very numerous in the sandy sediment of the Rhine, where it burrows its tubes vertically into the mud (Rey and Ortlepp, 2002; Van der Velde et al., 2002). The impact of this abundant species has not been evaluated. It is approximately 1–2 cm long and can reach densities of about 10,000 individuals per square metre. The species reached the Rhine after the opening of the Rhine–Danube canal, probably in the ballast tanks of ships. Another possibly harmless species in the group Annelida, but an oligochaete worm (Tubificidae), is the large (up to 20 cm long) Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, which originates in south-eastern Asia. It was probably introduced on tropical aquatic plants at the beginning of the 20 th century. At first it occurred only in greenhouses, but it adapted to the colder climate and is now found in many slow-moving rivers (Pöckl and Rabitsch, 2002). It lives in self-made tubes in muddy soil and feeds on detritus.
7 > Other selected invertebrate groups 123 A member of a third group of the Annelida is the leech Caspiobdella fadejewi (Epshtein) (Hirundinea; Piscicolidae), which can be found in low densities in the Rhine between Basel and the Bodensee. This species, also from the Ponto–Caspian system, is an ectoparasite of various fish species. 7.4 Centipedes and millipedes – Myriapoda A neglected group in this report is the Myriapoda, including the Diplopoda and the Chilopoda. It is impossible to give a comprehensive list. In particular the former group, as plant and detritus feeders, are probably regularly introduced with plant and soil material. Some tropical or subtropical species might be restricted to greenhouses. However, the number of established species in the wild is likely to be small (probably less than ten species) and none is of particular threat to native biodiversity and ecosystems. References CABI (2001) Crop Protection Compendium. CD-ROM. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Konecny, R., Schabussova, I. and H. Sattmann (2002) ”Helminthen“ – Neozoen der Fische Österreichs. In: Essl, F. and W. Rabitsch (eds) Neobiota in Österreich. Umweltbundesamt, Wien, pp. 221–224. Pöckl, M. and W. Rabitsch (2002) Ausgewählte aquatische Neozoen (Cnidaria, Plathelminthes, Kamptozoa, Annelida, Isopoda). In: Essl, F. and W. Rabitsch (eds) Neobiota in Österreich. Umweltbundesamt, Wien, pp. 228–239. Rey, P. and J. Ortlepp (2002) Koordinierte biologische Untersuchungen am Hochrhein 2000; Makroinvertebraten. BUWAL Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 345, Gewässerschutz, 98 pp. Van der Velde, G., Nagelkerken, I., Rajapogal, S. and A. Bij de Vaate (2002) Invasions by alien species in inland freshwater bodies in Western Europe: the Rhine delta. In: Leppäkoski, E., Gollasch, S. and Olenin, S. (eds) Invasive aquatic species of Europe. Distribution, impacts and management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 426–432. Weidema, I.R. (ed) (2000) Introduced species in the Nordic countries. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, 242 pp. Welch, D., Carss, D.N., Gornall, J., Manchester, S.J., Marquiss, M., Preston, C.D., Telfer, M.G., Arnold, H. and J. Holbrook (2001) An audit of alien species in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Review No 139, 225 pp.
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