Invasive alien species in Switzerland - Schweizer ...

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An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland FOEN 2006 126 (2003) estimate that Germany incurs annual costs of about €5 million for the removal and replacement of trees, the lost value of dead trees, and additional expenditure of planting resistant varieties. While Phytophthora quercina Jung et al. (see Fact Sheet) is a rather recent invader (or at least attention has been drawn to it by its recent impact), P. ramorum Werres, de Cock & Man in’t Veld (sudden oak death) (see Fact Sheet) is already well-known from its devastating effect in North America. In Europe it is still only a problem in nurseries, but it can be expected to infest native forests in the not-too-distant future. Many woody hosts have been shown to be susceptible to sudden oak death and it has been recorded from Switzerland (Heiniger and Stadler, 2003). The crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci (Schikora)) (see Fact Sheet) is one of the most devastating fungi attacking European wildlife. The fungus was introduced with North American crayfish species, which are asymptomatic carriers of the disease, into Europe. The European crayfish species are highly susceptible and almost 100 % die within two weeks of infection. There are regular outbreaks in European populations resulting in total collapse (Voglmayr and Krisai-Greilhuber, 2002). The bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. (see Fact Sheet) is the causal agent of fire blight, which was first found on Cotoneaster species and is now widely distributed in Switzerland (Hasler et al., 2002). An interesting case of a mutual relationship between two invaders may be the association between mycorrhizal fungi and plant species. There is some evidence that alien mycorrhiza can help their alien host plant to become a weed in the introduced range (e.g. Crawley, 1993; Harrington et al., 1998). In that way, an introduced mycorrhiza might have an indirect detrimental effect on native biodiversity. In can be concluded that although quarantine measures are successfully implemented in Switzerland, non-crop plants need to get more attention, e.g. plants in the nursery industry. The few examples described here indicate the enormous impacts diseases can have. Some introduced diseases are completely changing entire ecosystems by eliminating important key species. Moreover, there are human diseases not mentioned in this report with global impact, such as AIDS (a viral disease). The Fact Sheets are presented after the references, in alphabetical order for ease of location of specific sheets.
9 > Fungi and a selected bacterium 127 References CABI (2004) Crop Protection Compendium. CD-ROM. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Crawley, M.J. (1993) Succeeding in the sand dunes. Nature 362, 17–18. Harrington, K.C., Hodder, L.M. and H.A. Outred (1998) Biology and control of pypgrass. Proceedings, 51 st New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, pp. 255–259. Hasler, T., Schaerer, H.J., Holliger, E., Vogelsanger, J., Vignutelli, A. and B. Schoch (2002) Fire blight situation in Switzerland. Acta Horticulturae 590, 73–79. Heiniger, U. and Stadler, B. (2003) Gefährliche Quarantänekrankheit gefunden. Phytophthora ramorum jetzt erstmals auch in der Schweiz. Der Gartenbau 51/52/2003, pp. 10–12. Kirisits, T., Krumböck, S. Konrad, H., Pennerstorfer, J. and E. Halmschlager (2001) Untersuchungen über das Auftreten der Erreger der Holländischen Ulmenwelke in Österreich. Forstwissenschaftliches Zentralblatt 120, 231–241. Reinhardt, F., Herle, M. Bastiansen, F. and B. Streit (2003) Economic impact of the spread of alien species in Germany. Federal Environmental Agency of Germany, 190 pp. Voglmayr, H. and I. Krisai-Greilhuber (2002) Pilze. In: Essl, F. and W. Rabitsch (eds) Neobiota in Österreich. Umweltbundesamt, Wien, pp. 214– 221.
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