Invasive alien species in Switzerland - Schweizer ...

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An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland FOEN 2006 50 groups is based on the support they receive from the human population, since some are released and most are fed in the wild (or receive some other human support). The environmental and economic impact of established alien birds in Switzerland is probably fairly negligible and limited to some local effects. The exception on a European scale is the ruddy duck, which is the critical issue for a native globally endangered species. The possible and certain impacts are summarized in Table 2.3. Birds seem to cause less concern and actual impact on biodiversity, as outlined above, than mammals, but their impressive capability for spread underlines the concern about both potential future spread and the unsatisfactory level of knowledge for predicting spread and impact. The rapid increase in the number of newly introduced bird species recorded in recent times and the spread of some older introductions underline the urgency of implementing effective strategies to address the issue. The pathway analysis indicates where prevention of future introductions will be most efficient. The three major pathways identified are listed below, together with measures to help close them. Escaped birds from captivity (Psittacidae and Anatidae). Measures to prevent escapes of alien bird species from captive collections can include strict standards of security for aviaries, a register and documented bird monitoring, and penal and administrative sanctions in the event of violation. Released birds for aesthetic reasons and to enrich the native fauna (Anatidae). Legislation to prevent deliberate introductions should be established, or improved and implemented. As can be easily seen from the cases of species spreading through Europe towards Switzerland, this issue needs to be tackled on a European scale. The international conventions are in place and need to be implemented, e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Bern Convention, Bonn Convention, Ramsar Convention. It should be noted here that the domestic duck can also pose a problem for the wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos (L.)) because of hybridization. These noticeable hybrids are most often observed in urban areas, but they should be eliminated in the wild. Species released as game birds (Phasianidae). An environmental risk assessment needs to be undertaken for all species considered for release in Europe. In the past chukar (Alectoris chukar (Gray)) were released in the Alps, including Switzerland. They can hybridize with the native rock partridge (Alectoris graeca (Meisner)). The chukar is the eastern equivalent of the rock partridge. These releases are unnecessary and pose a potential danger to the indigenous rock partridge, which is one of the nine European endemic bird species. Management options for the species which can cause problems are detailed in the text relating to the species and in the Fact Sheets, e.g. ruddy duck and ruddy shelduck should be shot.
2 > Vertebrates – Vertebrata 51 Four main recommendations are drawn from this compilation: > Based on international obligations to safeguard the globally endangered whiteheaded duck, the ruddy duck has to be eliminated (shot) whenever it is found in Switzerland. Furthermore, the species should not be kept in captivity. > Switzerland has a responsibility in relation to the potential spread of the ruddy shelduck. It should prevent the spread of the Swiss population and consider eradicating it. > Birds held in captivity should be monitored closely and escape prevented. Containment of birds under semi-wild conditions should be restricted or prohibited. > All releases of birds into the wild should be subject to authorization, whereby releases of alien species should be avoided and releases of native birds should be made using genetic material typical of the region. Tab. 2.3 > Established birds (neozoa) in Switzerland and species to watch for (last three species). Scientific name Family Origin Year Pathway Impact Note Phalacrocorax Phalacro- Europe 2000 Escaped from Breeding colonies destroy trees and First breeding attempts recorded carbo L. coracidae captivity other vegetation below trees. Impact on fishery heatedly debated. Fish farms Cygnus olor Anatidae North-eastern 1690 Releases for Decline of submerged aquatic A much-liked species (Gmelin) Europe aesthetic reasons vegetation Anser anser (L.) Anatidae Parts of 1983 Released as an Probably no environmental impact Wild form of the domestic goose Europe enrichment of the avifauna Damage of crop possible Tadorna ferrugi- Anatidae Central Asia 1997 Escaped from Aggressive behaviour towards other CH has responsibility for the only nea (Pallas) and northern captivity waterfowl viable population in the introduced Africa European range Aix galericulata Anatidae East-Asia 1958 Escaped from Competition for tree holes with other Population is small in CH, but other (L.) captivity cavity breeding species? European populations expanding Phasianus Phasianidae Asia 18th Released as Competition with native game birds? Pheasant densities are mainly detercolchicus (L.) cen- game Indirect effects by predator control to mined by the extent of releases tury? relieve pheasants from predation Branta canadensis Anatidae North America - Released as an Competition with native waterfowl Has not yet reached Switzerland (L.) enrichment of the Hybridization with greylag goose avifauna Damage to crops Droppings can be a nuisance and cause eutrophication in water Alopochen Anatidae Sub-Saharan - Escaped from Aggressive behaviour towards other Has not yet reached Switzerland aegyptiacus (L.) Africa captivity waterfowl Oxyura jamaicen- Anatidae North America - Escaped from Hybridization with the globally There is no established population, sis (Gmelin) captivity endangered white-headed duck only records of single birds. These threatens the extinction of the latter need to be shot under an EU-wide species effort.
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10 > Plants - Planta 153 Fact Speci
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